Résumé. L'APPLICATION DE TESTS À DES ÉTUDIANTS D'UNIVERSITÉ. (II). Les résultats d'un questionnaire démontrent que ces étudiants qui réussissent mal des tests d'intelligence générale à “University College,” Londres, mais qui réussissent bien un examen d'université subséquent, s'intéressent plus à leur travail, et travaillent plus d'heures par jour selon des méthodes plus intelligentes. Ils ne se laissent pas distraire par des préoccupations sociales mais se dirigent vers le but étroit academique. D'autre part ceux qui réussissent bien le test et mal l'examen ont des intérèts et des capacités plus larges, ils n'ont souvent pas la liberté de choisir personnellement leurs cours universitaires. Ils sont moins sains. Ils tendent à passer plus de temps aux distractions qu'offre la vie universitaire. Ils se laissent distraire par d'autres intérêts et très souvent ils ne semblent pas avoir trouvé leur véritable vocation. Ils sont pénalisés par le manque de pratique dans des branches relativement inconnues, ou par un enseignement erronné, ou par quelque incapacité intellectuelle. On recommande que ces derniers subissent un examen spécial de la Section Psychologique de l'université. Pour diminuer le chiffre des étudiants faibles (20 per cent.) on devrait mettre à la disposition de chaque étudiant, qui entre à l'université, les methodes scientifiques de selection et d'orientation professionnelles, on devrait peut‐être même les y soumettre obligatoirement. Übersicht. EINE ANWENDUNG DER INTELLIGENZPRUFÜNG AUF STUDENTEN. II. TEIL. Die Ergebnisse eines Fragebogens zeigen, dass diejenigen Studenten, die bei der Allgemeinen Intelligenzprüfung im University College, London, schlecht, bei einem späteren Universitätsexamen jedoch gut abschneiden, mehr Interesse an ihrer Arbeit haben und mehr Stunden pro Tag und mit besseren Methoden studieren als andere. Sie werden nicht durch gesellschaftliche Interessen abgelenkt, sondern konzentrieren sich auf das beschränkte akademische Ziel. Andererseits haben jene, die in der Intelligenzprüfung gut, in einem folgenden Examen aber schlecht abschneiden, umfassendere Interessen und Fähigkeiten und gestalten häufig ihre Universitätsarbeit nicht nach ihren persönlichen Bedürfnissen. Sie sind weniger gesund. Sie neigen dazu, enien grösseren Teil der Universitätszeit Unterhaltungen zu widmen; sie werden durch andere Interessen abgelenkt und haben häufig ihren Beruf nur unzulänglich vorausbestimmt. Sie sind benachteiligt, weil ihnen die Übung in Fächern, die ihnen verhältnismässig neu sind, fehlt oder weil sie in der Schule mangelhaft unterrichtet wurden oder weil sie geistig unfähig sind. Es wird empfohlen, dass diese letzteren speziell untersucht und von der Psychologischen Abteilung beraten werden. Um die Zahl der ungenügenden Studenten (20 Prozent) zu verringern, sollten die wissenschaftlichen Methoden der Berufswahl und der Berufsberatung allen neueintretenden Studenten zur Verfügung stehen und vielleicht sogar für sie obligatorisch sein.
Anxiety is highly prevalent in autistic children. Yet interpretation biases implicated in anxiety in non-autistic individuals have received little research attention in this group. Twenty-two autistic children and 25 typical children completed an ambiguous scenarios interview and questionnaire-based measures of anxiety. A subsample of mothers completed parent-report and adult relevant versions of the interview and anxiety questionnaires. Autistic children self-reported similar interpretations of ambiguous scenarios, and similar levels of anxiety, to their typical peers. In contrast, mothers of autistic children reported greater levels of anxiety, and more negative interpretations of ambiguous scenarios in both their children and themselves, relative to mothers of typical children. These data highlight the importance of including autistic children’s self-reports when measuring and treating anxiety.
AimsDementia is estimated to affect 50 million people worldwide, with around 60% of these cases attributable to Alzheimer's disease (AD). One of the common behavioural and psychological symptoms associated with AD is psychosis. Psychosis, experiencing delusions or hallucinations, can be one of the most distressing ordeals for patients with AD, as well as those around them. Effectively managing these symptoms can lead to a vast improvement in life quality. Currently, there are no medications specifically licensed in the UK for the treatment of psychosis in AD. To help guide clinical practice, we reviewed the evidence underpinning the pharmacological treatment of psychosis in AD. The aim of the study was to positively influence clinical practice and thereby improve the life quality of this patient group.MethodAn advanced PubMed search was used to identify studies which investigated the pharmacological treatments for acute psychosis in people with AD. Papers included were double blind, placebo controlled, randomised controlled trials specifically for AD dementia. Papers must have reported their findings using a specific psychosis subscale (PS); examples being “Behavioural Pathology in AD” (BEHAVE-AD-PS), “Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale” (BPRS-PS), and “Neuropsychiatric Inventory - Nursing Home Version” (NPI-NH-PS). Populations of both outpatients and residential patients were accepted. 14 papers, comprising some 3237 patients, were included and critically analysed in the final review.ResultRisperidone (BEHAVE-AD-PS: -1.3 [p = 0.004] & -1.9 [p = 0.039]; BPRS-PS: -0.5 [p = 0.08]) and aripiprazole (NPI-NH-PS: -1.0 [p = 0.169] & -1.8 [p = 0.013]) successfully reduced psychosis symptoms in patient populations. However, these medications were associated with a statistical increase in severe adverse events including strokes and cognitive decline. Pimavanserin (NPI-NH-PS: -1.9 [p = 0.045]) also offered a notable reduction in psychosis symptoms, but was associated with increased agitation/aggression. Whilst commonly used in clinical practice, quetiapine, olanzapine, and haloperidol showed negligible therapeutic changes compared to placebo using multiple psychosis subscales. Olanzapine and haloperidol were associated with increased rates of severe adverse events including extrapyramidal symptoms. Quetiapine showed limited side effects.ConclusionRisperidone and aripiprazole offer effective means to help AD patients cope with psychosis, but these medications also come with an increased risk of developing life-threatening complications. They should, therefore, be administered judiciously. Pimavanserin shows early promise in treating this group of patients, with no life-threatening adverse effects associated with its use. Further research is required before endorsing the use of pimavanserin. There is little evidence to support the therapeutic use of quetiapine, olanzapine, and haloperidol in this patient population. No financial sponsorship declared.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.