The ISX-A (Impurity Study Experiment) tokamak operated with major radius R =92 cm, minor radius a =26 cm, and relatively low toroidal magnetic field B T < 15 kG. 1 * 2 Only Ohmic heating was appliedo Studies of plasma confinement in this device yielded unusually favorable results in comparison with empirical scaling formulas., For example, the gross-energy-confinement times, r E = !&[/(n e T e +W|Ti)dv]/Po m E. 9 exceeded the values expected from the scaling of Jassby et at? by factors of 1-3 (lo6 average) and were larger than the values predicted by the Hugill-Sheffield formula 4 [with scaling l-l] by factors of 1.5-4.5 (3.1 average). At line-average densities (n e ) above 10 13 cm" 3 , the ISX-.A data are closest to the scaling proposed by Mirnov, 5 r E = (3 x 1(T 9 )a(cm) x/(A)« e l72 sec (n e is given in units of 10 13 cm" 3 ), although they still exceed the expectations by an average value of 1.2. Also, the maximum value of n e achieved before a major disruption occurred was 7xl0 13 cm" 3 , a factor almost 4.5 times larger than that anticipated by B T /R 0 scaling. 6 The largest values of toroidal beta, P T (0) equal to No. GA-A14133, 1976 (to be published); see also Ref" 5, above. 7 G. R. Hopkins and John M. Rawls, Nucl. Technol. 36, 171 (1977), and references contained therein. 8 P
This article examines the idea that basic income has transformative power. It does so by scrutinising Erik O. Wright’s theory of transformation from a feminist-Bourdieusian perspective. Rather than assuming a direct link between basic income and actors’ turning away from the capitalist labour market, this is a perspective that emphasises conditions of possibilities for practices beyond paid work and employment. To explore actors’ practices, I analyse how basic income would interact with both the objectified social structures and incorporated dispositions – above all, with actors’ dominant disposition to paid work. I argue that for basic income to transform capitalism, a transformation of the habitus is needed.
Injection of E Q into D plasmas with beam power P, of up to 1.7 MW has produced rras betas of ^4X, volume-averaged betas of ^3%, and central betas of ^10% in the ISX-B tokamak. Although theoretical calculations indicate that the observed equilibria may be unstable to ballooning modes, no catastrophic loss of confinement has been observed, and beta continues to increase with injection power. In theje beam-dominated highbeta discharges the electron and ion energy confinement times are still similar to those obtained with ohmic heating: ion energy confinement is neoclassical within a factor of ^2, and electron energy confinement follows the usual Alcator scaling. In high-power injection discharges the character of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) behavior changes, the particle confinement time decreases, and the inward impurity transport appears to ba inhibited. These effects, however, may not be linked directly to beta.
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