There was a strong association between preterm birth before 32 weeks of gestation and HF in childhood and young adulthood. Although the absolute risk of HF is low in young age, our findings indicate that preterm birth may be a previously unknown risk factor for HF.

BACKGROUND: As a result of antenatal screening, abortion of fetuses with Down syndrome has become increasingly common. Little is known about the cardiovascular phenotype in infants with Down syndrome born today.

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BackgroundPreterm birth (<37 completed gestational weeks) has been linked to pulmonary hypertension (PH), but the relationship to severity of preterm birth has not been studied.ObjectivesWe investigated associations between extremely (<28 weeks), very (28–31 weeks), moderately (32–36 weeks) preterm birth, early‐term birth (37–38 weeks) and later PH. Additionally, we explored associations between birthweight for gestational age and PH.MethodsThis registry‐based cohort study followed 3.1 million individuals born in Sweden (1987–2016) from 1 up to a maximum of 30 years of age. The outcome was diagnosis or death from PH in national health registers. Adjusted hazard ratios (HR) were estimated using Cox regression analysis. Unadjusted and confounder‐adjusted incidence rate differences were also calculated.ResultsOf 3,142,812 individuals, there were 543 cases of PH (1.2 per 100,000 person‐years), 153 of which in individuals without malformations. Compared with individuals born at 39 weeks, adjusted HRs with 95% confidence interval (CI) for PH for extremely, moderately, and very preterm birth were 68.78 (95% CI 49.49, 95.57), 13.86 (95% CI 9.27, 20.72) and 3.42 (95% CI 2.46, 4.74), respectively, and for early‐term birth 1.74 (1.31, 2.32). HRs were higher in subjects without malformations. There were 90 additional cases of PH per 100,000 person‐years in the extremely preterm group (50 after excluding malformations). Very small for gestational age (below 2 SD from estimated birthweight for gestational age and sex) was also associated with increased risk of PH (adjusted HR 2.02, 95% CI 1.14, 3.57).ConclusionsWe found an inverse association between gestational age and later PH, but the incidence and absolute risks are low. The severity of preterm birth adds clinically relevant information to the assessment of cardiovascular risks in childhood.

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