Setiap pesakit berhak menentukan apa yang beliau mahu atau tidak mahu dilakukan ke atas tubuh badan mereka. Perbincangan tentang hak pesakit bagi meneruskan atau meninggalkan rawatan perubatan akan memberi kesan kepada hak mereka untuk kekal hidup atau tidak. Huraian tentang hak pesakit telah dinyatakan dalam Piagam Pesakit, Persatuan Perubatan Malaysia (MMA). Dalam keadaan ini, keizinan pesakit menjadi faktor penting sama ada doktor dibenarkan meneruskan rawatan perubatan terhadap pesakit atau tidak. Arahan Awal Perubatan (AMD) adalah satu dokumen khusus bagi menyatakan kehendak pesakit berkeupayaan sama ada ingin meneruskan atau meninggalkan rawatan perubatan tentang pelan perubatan masa hadapannya sekiranya beliau menjadi tidak berkeupayaan. Rujukan di England dibuat dan keputusannya mendapati bahawa terdapat suatu peruntukan perundangan khusus berhubung dengan AMD. Berbanding dengan Malaysia, AMD masih dianggap bukan perkara lazim dan kedudukannya dalam aspek perundangan masih tidak jelas. Maka, objektif artikel ini adalah membincangkan hak-hak pesakit dewasa dengan mengambil kira AMD di Malaysia dan asas undang-undang yang berkaitan dengannya. Kaedah yang digunakan di dalam artikel ini adalah kualitatif. Keputusan daripada penulisan kertas ini dapat memberi gambaran yang lebih jelas tentang hak pesakit dewasa berhubung dengan perlaksanaan AMD di Malaysia.
Civil proceedings involve a complex procedure with various interlocutory applications before the matter is set for trial. Some of the interlocutory applications, namely applications to enter judgment in default, to strike out pleading and for summary judgment, may result in the plaintiff obtaining early judgment or disposal of the case without a full trial. Interestingly, these applications require a different burden of proof for the plaintiff to satisfy. This article seeks to explore the burden of proof necessitated in those applications in order to evaluate the likelihood of the plaintiff obtaining judgment without trial. In achieving this objective, the process of civil proceedings in Malaysia is briefly explained. This is followed by an analysis on the burden of proof required in the said applications. It is observed that although judgment in defaults or summary judgment may be entered against the defendant upon the plaintiff’s satisfaction of mere procedural requirements, it is equally ‘easy’ for the defendant to set aside or oppose such judgment or application. A conclusion can be derived that civil procedure in Malaysia allows the defendant a sufficient right or opportunity to have ‘his day in court’ by placing a low threshold for him set aside judgment in default or oppose summary judgment application. Further, it is also observed that a stringent burden of proof is needed for the plaintiff to be able to strike out the defendant’s defence and enter judgment on his behalf. This is, arguably crucial so as to cloth the defendant with the right to a fair trial which includes the right to be heard and present their cases sufficiently.
In 2015, leaders of 193 nations including Malaysia, gathered to adopt Agenda 2030 and pledged commitment towards achieving 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). One the identified goals is aimed to "ensure good healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages" (SDG3). It is targeted that by the year 2030, preventable deaths of new-born babies may be ended and universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services are made available. This study thus seeks to argue for the use of assisted reproductive technologies that may ensure the birth of children who are free from genetic diseases as one of the ways in which SDG3 may be achieved. To accomplish this objective, the notion of individual reproductive autonomy that provides the theoretical foundation for the use of assisted reproductive technologies is briefly presented. This is followed by a descriptive elaboration on the functions of each assisted reproductive technologies identified so as to argue for their utilisation in ensuring healthy lives and wellbeing according to SDG3. In the end, this study concludes that the use of these technologies should be promoted in Malaysia in order to safeguard the birth of healthy children and society in future as demanded by SDG3.
Introduction: Obtaining informed consent from patients is a fundamental legal and ethical element that is required of dental practitioners. From routine procedures such as dental filling or scaling to more complicated procedures such as oral surgeries, it is imperative that patients’ informed consent be acquired. Failure to procure a valid consent from patients prior to embarking on any dental treatment may cause several potential legal repercussions against dental practitioners. This paper, thus, seeks to discuss the issue of informed consent with particular reference to dental practice. It begins with an explanation on the laws governing informed consent in Malaysia. Then, an analysis on the ethical aspect behind the need to obtain patient’s consent, namely patient autonomy is provided. This is followed with a discussion on the potential legal consequences for failure to obtain informed consent, limiting to civil actions only. Methods: This is a descriptive paper that adopts legal doctrinal and qualitative method of analysis. Conclusion: The precondition of obtaining patients’ informed consent is a fundamental aspect in dental practice both for patients and dental practitioners.
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