Maize is a cereal crop which is an important source of food because it is the second source of carbohydrates after rice. Maize cultivation is faced with various plant diseases, that can reduce the quantity and quality of crop yield. Plant disease is one of the limiting factors for crop production and seed quality. One of the most harmful maize diseases is blight or midrib rot caused by the soil-borne fungus Rhizoctonia solani. The aim of the study was to obtain endophytic microorganisms in maize and to test the antagonistic ability of these fungi as biological control agents against R. solani. The study took place in January-September 2018 in the field and the Laboratory of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Pattimura. Endophytic fungi isolated from maize plants from the roots, stems and leaves. Samples were cleaned in running water and air-dried. Subsequently, the samples were sterilized using 70% alcohol and immersed in sodium hypochlorite solution for 2 minutes and rinsed with sterile water 3 times. The sterilized roots, stems and leaves of maize were peeled, cut to a size of ±5 mm, split and dried on sterile filter paper. Sterile samples were grown on PDA culture media at four points and incubated at room temperature. Visual identification was carried out with the aid of a microscope on fungi growing on the culture media. The results showed the presence of the endophytic fungi Trichoderma sp., Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Diplodia sp. and Mucor sp. These fungal species showed different inhibitory powers, which included mechanisms for direct parasitizing of pathogens, producing antibiotics and competition for space and nutrients. Keywords: antagonism, corn, endophytic fungi, identification, pathogenic fungus, Rhizoctonia solani ABSTRAK Jagung (Zea mays L.) merupakan tanaman serelia yang termasuk bahan pangan penting karena merupakan sumber karbohidrat kedua setelah beras. Salah satu kendala dalam budidaya tanama jagung adalah penurunan produksi akibat serangan patogen penyebab penyakit. Untuk menekan perkembangan penyakit dilakukan pengendalian dengan menggunakan mikroorganisme endofitik asal akar, batang dan daun jagung sebagai agensia pengendalian hayati. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi mikroorganisme endofitik asal jagung secara morfologi, mendapatkan mikroorganisme endofitik yang memiliki kemampuan antagonis terhadap jamur Rhizoctonia solani penyebab penyakit busuk pelepah pada jagung. Penelitian berlangsung dalam 2 tahap, yaitu di lapangan dan di Laboratorium Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Pattimura. Sampel tanaman diperoleh dari beberapa kebun petani di wilayah Kota Ambon. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh adalah bahwa jamur endofitik Trichoderma sp, Aspergillus sp, Penicillium sp, Diplodia sp dan Mucor sp. memiliki daya penghambatan yang berbeda-beda, yaitu 78.57% (Trichoderma sp), 65.86% (Penicillium sp), 43.29% (Aspergillus sp), 36.71 (Diplodia sp) dan 34.44% (Mucor sp). Kata kunci: antagonisme, identifikasi, jagung, jamur endofitik, jamurpatogenik, Rhizoctonia solani
Low quality of banana fruits due to anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum musae fungi could be overcome by introducing anthracnose-resistent varieties. The research’s objective was to find out pathogenecity of C. musae on six local banana varieties namely Dewaka, Ambon Kuning, Abu-abu, Raja, Empat Puluh Hari and Nona. A laboratory experiment was carried out by using completely randomized block design with six replicates. The result showed that the pathogenicity of C. musae on six varieties of banana fruits was differ. Average incubation period of fungi and damage level of banana fruits were 3.5 days and 32.53% respectively whereas average rate of infection of C.musae was 0.115 units/day. This experiment suggested that banana var. Abu-abu was resistance to anhtracnose while banana var. Raja, Ambon Kuning as well as Dewaka were susceptible to anthracnose. Banana var. Empat Puluh hari and Nona were classified in moderately resistance to anthracnose.
Phytopthora spp is a pathogen that causes disease in cocoa plants that always attacks cocoa plants and affects the growth of cocoa plants and reduces the quantity and quality of cocoa beans is fruit rot, leaf blight, and stem cancer. This study was conducted to calculate the intensity of cocoa fruit damage due to cocoa fruit rot disease in Waesala Village, Huamual Belakang Sub-district, which is one of the sub-districts in West Seram Regency that cultivates many cocoa plants, namely Waesala, Buano, and Allang Asaude. The method used was survey method with systematic random sampling of 5 sample farmers from 3 villages in Huamual Belakang Subdistrict. The results showed that the average intensity of damage (IK) due to fruit rot disease in Huamual Belakang Subdistrict was 24% (mild category), with an average IK due to cocoa fruit rot in Waesala village of 21% (mild category), Buano 26% (moderate category), and Allang Asaude 29% (moderate category).
One of the constraints faced by farmers in the cultivation of chili in Transmigration Areas District Kairatu Waimital Village is a disease caused by virus. This study was conducted to know the types of viruses that attack chili plants and how worse the damage intensity. The method used was a survey method directly in the field. Farmer decision-sample and sample plots was done using a random sampling technique. The data collected is the damage intensity of chili plants and the cause, the condition of the area/crop cultivation techniques, and rainfall data taken from Meteorology station (BMG). The results showed that the disease that attacks the chili plants in the Waimital village is a yellow virus and curl virus disease, with intensity of damage of 10.16% and 32.17% classified as mild and moderate, respectively.
Various problems have caused the decline in peanut production, among others the low resistance of peanut plants to various diseases. One of the obstacles in peanut production is the attack of plant diseases, such as the fungus Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. The use of plant-based insecticides can be an alternative to disease control in peanuts. This study aimed to obtain the appropriate and effective dose of clove leaves and flower stalks in suppressing the in vitro growth of the fungus S. rolfsii Sacc causing damping off in peanuts, and to test the effectiveness of clove leaves and flower stalks on the formation of sklerotia of the fungus. This study used ‘tuni’ clove powder from Waai Village, Salahutu District. This experimental study employed a completely randomized design (CRD) with 8 treatments and 3 replications. The results showed that the growth of the fungus S. rolfsii Sacc. was inhibited by clove flower stalk powder at a dose of 1.5 g per100 mL of PDA, which was indicated by the number of sklerotia formed of 13.67% and propagule weight of 0.12 g, followed by a dose of clove leaf powder of 1.5 g per100 mL PDA, with amount of sklerotia formed of 27.33% and propagule weight of 0.17 g. These results were statistically shown on the parameters: colony diameter, Sklerotia formation time, number of Sklerotia, and weight of propagules. Keywords: Clove powder, dosage, in vitro, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. ABSTRAK Berbagai masalah telah menyebabkan turunnya produksi kacang tanah, diantaranya masih rendahnya ketahanan tanaman kacang tanah terhadap berbagai penyakit. Salah satu kendala dalam produksi kacang tanah adalah serangan penyakit tanaman, seperti jamur Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Penggunaan insektisida nabati dapat menjadi alternatif pengendalian penyakit pada kacang tanah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh dosis daun dan tangkai bunga cengkih yang tepat dan efektif dalam menekan pertumbuhan jamur S. rolfsii Sacc penyebab damping off pada kacang tanah secara in vitro, serta menguji efektifitas daun dan tangkai bunga cengkih terhadap pembentukan sklerotia jamur. Penelitian ini menggunakan bubuk cengkih tuni, dari Desa Waai, Kecamatan Salahutu. Penelitian eksperimental ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 8 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan jamur S. rolfsii Sacc. terhambat oleh bubuk tangkai bunga cengkih pada dosis 1,5 g per 100 mL PDA yang ditunjukan oleh jumlah sklerotia terbentuk 13,67% dan berat propagul 0,12 g dan diikuti oleh dosis bubuk daun cengkih 1,5 g per 100 mL PDA, dengan jumlah sklerotia 27,33% dan berat propagul 0,17 g. Hasil ini secara statistik ditunjukkan pada parameter: diameter koloni, waktu terbentuk sklerotia, jumlah sklerotia, dan berat propagul. Kata kunci: bubuk cengkih, dosis, in vitro, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.
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