This study was conducted on determining the effects of phenytoin on the skeletal system of the fetuses of 13 Wistar Albino rats. The female rats were divided into two groups after the vaginal smear test: the group 1 (control group) included 6 individuals, whereas the group 2 (phenytoin group) comprised 7 animals. A dose of 25mg/kg/day phenytoin was administered intraperitoneally to pregnant rats on the 8th-10th days of pregnancy and fetuses were obtained by C-section on the 20th day. A number of 82 fetuses were observed by double staining technique. Their lengths and weights were measured, revealing the statistically significant differences between the two groups (p<0.001). The lengths of the fetuses in the group 2 were determined as to be 14% shorter and the weights 13% lower compared to those in the group 1. Similarly, number of the fetuses obtained in one gestation decreased 9% in the group 2. Ossification of the skull bones in the fetuses of the group 2 was observed eminently to be deteriorated through using dissection microscope and inspection. Costal separation anomaly was observed in the 10 fetuses of the group 2. The separated-laterally located costal components were not attached to the costal arch. Shape malformations in the last two ribs and wide angularity, particularly in the last six ribs, were also determined. This study has documented that intraperitoneal usage of the pheytoin during pregnancy may cause to different skeletal malformations, even with lower doses, in rat fetuses.

Urinary tract infections are common in pregnant women and ciprofloxacin frequently is used as a broad spectrum antibiotic. It has been suggested that ciprofloxacin causes liver damage in fetuses. Quercetin is a flavonoid with antioxidant properties. We investigated the efficacy of quercetin treatment for preventing fetal liver damage caused by ciprofloxacin. Pregnant rats were divided into four groups: untreated control group (C), 20 mg/kg quercetin for 21 days group (Q), 20 mg/kg twice/day ciprofloxacin for 10 days group (CP), and 20 mg/kg, ciprofloxacin + quercetin for 21 days group (CP + Q). Fetal livers were removed on day 21 of gestation to measure antioxidants and for histological observation. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were measured in tissue samples. GSH-Px, SOD and CAT activities were significantly lower in the CP group compared to group C. A significant increase in MDA was observed in the CP group compared to group C. There was no significant difference in GSH levels in any group. MDA levels were lower and CAT, SOD and GSH-Px enzyme activities were higher in the CP + Q group compared to group CP. Liver samples of the CP group exhibited central vein dilation, portal vein congestion, pyknotic nuclei and cytoplasmic vacuolization in some hepatocytes. Histological changes were less prominent in the rats treated with quercetin. Use of ciprofloxacin during pregnancy caused oxidative damage in fetal liver tissue. Oxidative stress was ameliorated by quercetin. Quercetin supports the antioxidant defense mechanism and it is beneficial for treating fetal liver damage caused by ciprofloxacin.

Purpose: To examine brain diffusion characteristics in pediatric patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and an atlas-based anatomical analysis of the whole brain and to investigate whether these images have unique characteristics that can support functional diagnoses. Materials and Methods: Seventeen children with ADHD and ten control subjects (all age-matched) underwent MRI scans. The Institutional Ethics Board approved this study. Morphometric analysis was performed using MriStudio software. The diffusion images were normalized using a linear transformation, followed by large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping (LDDMM). For 189 parcellated brain regions, the volume, fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD) were measured. Results: Children with ADHD were found to have increase in the body of lateral ventricle volumes compared to the control. Increased MD was found in the deep gray matter, amygdala, thalamus, substantia nigra, and also the cerebellum left and right side. Increased RD was found in the deep gray matter, caudate, thalamus, substantia nigra and hippocampus left and right side compared to the control. Significant elevated FA was found in the bilateral splenium of the corpus callosum in ADHD patients. Conclusion: Children with ADHD display abnormal diffusion characteristics and anatomical features compared to healthy controls. DTI can provide sensitive information on integrity of white matter (WM) and intra-WM structures in ADHD.

Chiari malformation, also known as Arnold-Chiari malformation, is characterized by the caudal herniation of posterior fossa structures through the foramen magnum into the cervical spinal canal. It is a congenital malformation of the craniovertebral junction and hindbrain often associated with other abnormalities of the cerebrospinal axis. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Chiari malformation is classically classified into four types. Chiari type I is the caudal herniation of cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum by no more than 3 or 5 mm. [1,3,4,6,7,[9][10][11] In Chiari type II, there is a caudal herniation of the brainstem and the fourth ventricle into upper cervical canal through foramen magnum, frequently associated with myelomeningocele, and rarely associated with spina bifida occulta. Chiari type III is the most severe form in which posterior fossa structures herniate into an occipitocervical meningocele sac. Severe cerebellar hypoplasia in absence of cerebellar herniation is observed in Chiari type AbstractObjectives: Chiari malformation is characterized by caudal herniation of cerebellar tonsils from foramen magnum into the cervical canal on radiological images. Type I Chiari malformation is the herniation of cerebellar tonsils more than 3 mm which does not cause any symptoms until adulthood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of Chiari type I malformation. Methods:In this retrospective study, cervical magnetic resonance images taken between 2013 and 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were 18-70 year old males and females. Type I Chiari malformation was defined as an inferior displacement of the cerebellar tonsils more than 3 mm below the opisthion-basion line. The patients with intracranial lesions, hydrocephalus or previous craniotomy were excluded from the study. Results:The prevalence of Chiari type I malformation was found as 4% when both genders were taken into consideration. The prevalence was 3.3% in females and 0.7% in males. Chiari type I malformation was associated with syringomyelia in 0.5% of females and 0.2% of males. In the present study, concomitant syringomyelia was observed in 0.7% of the patients. On the other hand, incidence of Chiari type I malformation was found relatively higher in the patients with scoliosis (15.4%). The ratio of this co-occurrence was higher in females (11.4%) when compared to the males (4%). Conclusion:In the present study, the prevalence of Chiari type I malformation was investigated in a large population, consisting of 2480 individuals, and its association with syringomyelia and scoliosis.

Background We aimed to test the clinical relevance of a newly introduced anatomical classification system of the frontal sinus and to investigate the relation between the frontal sinus type according to this system and the development of frontal sinusitis. We retrospectively evaluated the computed tomography images of 808 frontal sinuses of 404 patients and classified the sinuses as small, medium-sized, and large, based on their size and relation to the orbital roof. We related this classification to the presence or absence of the findings of frontal sinusitis including mucosal thickening, retention cyst/polyp, and/or fluid collection. Results We found that the most common frontal sinus type is medium-sized (65.84%), followed by the small (22.89%) and large (11.26%) types, respectively. There was no significant difference between the right and left sides in terms of frontal sinus type (P<0.05). We recorded sinusitis in 28 (15.1%) small, 180 (33.8%) medium-sized, and 40 (43.9%) large sinuses. And we showed that the prevalence of sinusitis in medium-sized and large sinuses is significantly higher than that in small sinuses for both sides (P values were 0.001 and 0.015, respectively for the right, and 0.005 and 0.001, respectively for the left side). Conclusion The result obtained in this study may be considered the first step in demonstrating the clinical benefit of this classification. However, there is no doubt that further comprehensive studies with large series are needed to fully determine the clinical relevance of this newly introduced classification system.