Integrin α β is a transmembrane integrin which can initiate osteoclasts' attachment on bone, leading to downward signaling pathways and subsequent bone resorption. Different calcium concentrations have reported to have influence on the activation of integrin α β . To elucidate the regulatory mechanism of extracellular calcium concentrations on osteoclasts, a controlled micro flow plate (M04S) was utilized in the ONIX flow control system to observe osteoclasts' adhesion and migration in different calcium concentration medium. Fluorescent staining is conducted to show the distribution of integrin α β and cytoskeleton reorganization. In addition, western blots were performed to detect the expression of integrin α β and its downstream signaling pathways related to bone resorption. Also, real-time RT-PCR data of transcription co-activator (YAP/TAZ) and hydrolytic enzymes (the matrix metalloproteinase 9 and cathepsin K) is evaluated. Our findings suggest that osteoclasts' migration and adhesion is better promoted at 0.5 mM than 1.2 mM, which can be partly explained by the induced cytoskeleton organization via integrin α β /Rho GTPase. But the activation and nuclear localization of YAP/TAZ, and the secretion of hydrolytic enzymes were upregulated when calcium concentration is at a higher level (1.2 mM). According to our study, there is a highly possibility that the migration and attachment of osteoclasts and subsequent osteoclastic bone resorption are regulated by a specific range of extracellular calcium concentration.
Prosthodontic oral rehabilitation procedures are time consuming and require efforts to maintain the confirmed maxillomandibular relationship. Several occlusal registrations and impressions are needed, and cross-mounting is performed to transfer the diagnostic wax-up to master working casts. The introduction of a digital workflow protocol reduces steps in the required process, and occlusal registrations with less deformation are used. The outcome is a maintained maxillomandibular position that is accurately and conveniently transferred.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.