Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disease associated with many factors, such as urinary tract infection (UTI), and the complicated type of UTI bacteria is Proteus mirabilis. Accordingly, 67 RA patients with UTI and 45 healthy controls from Baghdad regions were included in this study. Proteus mirabilis isolates were obtained from the urine of patients with RA and identified in 11.9% by biochemical tests and 16sRNA gene sequencing. ABO blood types, serum TNF-α level, serum rheumatoid factor (RF), C-reactive protein, and anti-bacterial antibody level of RA patients were compared to healthy controls. The study indicated that there is a correlation between blood type O, serum TNF-α level, rheumatoid factor (RF), C-reactive protein, and anti-bacterial antibody level of RA patients. The significant result was the increased serum level of TNF-α of RA patients who were infected with urease-produced bacteria, this might be due to the enzyme structure's role in evoking the disease.

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Staphylococcus epidermidis is the most significant nosocomial pathogen related to people with vulnerable frameworks such as malignant growth patients, neonates, and foreign body embedded materials such as heart valves. A few virulence factors in S. epidermidis can cause host damage in comparison to Staphylococcus aureus. In spite of that, the key roles of S. epidermidis virulency rely on biofilm formation, bacterial biofilm is essential for the pathogenesis by encouraging microorganisms to consist shape networks of assurance rather than free planktonic cells, hence resistance to antibacterial agents, and medically uninsured problems by colonizing medical indwelling, making the disease long span, and difficult to treat. The National Institute of Health (NIH) reported 65-80% of bacterial illnesses are biofilm formed, thus making numerous passing wellbeing additional costs. Therefore, the biofilms establishing on the susceptible hosts' tissues demonstrate; preventing antibiotics efficient treatment, protecting against host defense mechanisms, and announce the bacteria virulence determinants manifesting.

Although the structure-activity relationship indicates that the 4-thioxoimidazolidin ring is essential for antibacterial activities and pharmaceutical applications, there were no enough studies on the derivatives of this compound. Evaluating the new hydantoin compounds C5 (3-((2-bromobenzylidene) amino)-2- thioxoimidazolidin-4-one) and C6 (3-((4- methoxybenzylidene) amino)-2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-one) that were prepared against clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates for antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antihemagglutination activities is the aim of this study. Therefore, the potential clinical resistance of the strains was evaluated by their ability to form biofilms, antibiotic resistance, and agglutinate erythrocytes macroscopically and microscopically; besides, the bacterial biofilm was screened for any association with the patient’s serum immunoglobulin levels and complements. Despite the effective concentration for C5 and C6 compounds, which is ≤ 31.25 μg/ml, the reduction rate is not concentration-dependent; it depends on the molecular docking of the hydantoin compounds. Hence, the effect of the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) is variable. In this study, the results for the compounds (with the concentration of 31.25–62.5 μg/mL for C5 and 62.5–125 μg/mL for C6) significantly manifest the antibacteria, antibiofilm, and antihemagglutination effects against the virulent strains of S. aureus due to the high percentage of biofilm inhibition that was caused by the new hydantoin compounds. Besides, time-kill kinetics studies showed that these compounds pose bactericidal action. Overall, this study revealed that the new hydantoin derivatives have an interesting potential as new antibacterial drugs through the inhibition of bacterial adhesion. The infections of these isolates activate the complement system through the lectin pathway. Nevertheless, these compounds can be improved in order to be used at even lower concentrations.

Illegal dumping is a serious problem that needs to be addressed immediately to preserve human health and the environment as if the pollution that arises from it reaches the groundwater, complications of the remediation processes will increase. To decontaminate the organic and inorganic components, bioremediation seems to be the most environmentally friendly and economically viable technique without further treatment as reported by many studies. In this investigation, samples were taken from the soil of the main dumping area in Koysinjaq in Kurdistan Region of Iraq to determine the most potent bacteria to remediate the existed pollutants. The existence of non-essential minerals and organic compounds in the soil sample was detected using X-ray fluorescence device, and ethane and 1,2-dichloroethane solvents separating technique, respectively. Then, from the same samples, three different naturally occurring bacteria were isolated and cultured under optimized conditions then stimulated for a good result. Finally, spectrophotometer was set at wavelength of 600 nm and used to detect the heaviest growth of bacteria after incubating the cultured bacteria on a mineral salt broth medium with the extracted pollutants at pH 7.0 overnight at 32°C. Based on the highest absorbance, the most effective type of bacteria (Enterobacter cloacae) was chosen among others to remediate the organic components in which approximately 90% of them are plastics, medical waste, municipal waste, electrical items, and hydrocarbons, and some heavy metals, for instance aluminum and lead, which were found in the soil.