The evaluation of the most suitable aeration technology for cattle and poultry manures composting was carried out using two identical two piles prepared of both manures. Forced ventilation was employed in one of the piles of each manure, whereas mechanical turning was used in the other two piles. The temperature, pH, EC, bulk density, organic carbon, organic matter total nitrogen and C/N ratio were investigated at 0, 1, 7, 20, 35, 50, 65 and 80 days of composting of cattle (CM) and poultry (PM) manures piles under FVS and MTS techniques. In the FVS piles, temperatures degree were 70 and 65 °C at seven days of composting and remained stable up to 40 days. Whereas, the temperatures of MTS piles, peaked 51.0℃ and 58.1 at 7 days of composting period for the CM and PM, respectively, it approximately remained stable up to 50 day. The FVS had a significant impact on the content of organic carbon and OM, of both poultry and cattle manures, in compared to the MTS. During the composting periods of all piles showed that, the increase in percentage of total nitrogen was mostly observed in 35 day for forced aeration System"FVS" piles with poultry and/or cattle manure. The C/N ratio of poultry and cattle manure piles significantly affected with the forced aeration system (Forced Ventilation System "FVS") than with the Mechanically Turned System "MTS".
The present work was conducted to achieve the following aims: Evaluate of the changes during composting cattle and poultry manures and compost maturity i.e total organic carbon, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, humic substances, humification index, under two aeration techniques i.e. Forced Ventilation System (FVS) by means of composer pump and Mechanically turned System (MTS) by means of loader. A design of a composting Forced Ventilation System (FVS), is a 2 polyethylene plastic cages (1m length x 0.45 width x 0.6 m height), with 4 inches (10 cm) pipe diameter. Each 4 plastic Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) perforated pipes were laid horizontally and vertically in a cage shape, an about 600 holes/cage). At the end of composting (80 days) all the treatments reached the maturity standard, except for piles of both poultry and cattle manures under FVS, the maturity state were reached at the 65th. Forced Ventilation System (FVS) with the composting of cattle and poultry manures lower in labour cost, sped up the composting process and got the best compost quality in compared to the MTS. Furthermore, it has been defined as a good method to reduce nitrogen loss by volatilization. However, it has the disadvantage, compared to pile of MTS, of the limited homogenization of the pile. Besides, there is a higher need of watering because of evaporation. The main disadvantages of the MTS are the difficulty in controlling the temperature and the loss of nitrogen during the turnings.Indeed, the present investigation demonstrated that compost tea quality of the end products compost from cattle and poultry manures under FVS were better quality compared to the same organic manure under the other aeration technique. Overall, considering of the environment, agronomy value, phytotoxicity and efficiency indicators, the method FVS was most suitable for composting practice production.
Four different fruits peels (Banana, Watermelon, Orange and Mango) were chosen to study the possibility to produce biofuel. The starch, pectin, hemicellulose, celluloses, lignin and proteins fractions were determined in terms of dry weights percentages for these peels. The obtained results showed that mango peels recorded the highest oligosaccharides levels, even lignin content was highest by 17.25%. Also, banana peels showed high oligosaccharides levels, with the lowest level of lignin by 4.82%. Aspergillus niger and Phanerochaete chrysosporium were used to degrade fruit peels , where during their degrading enzyme assays the co-cultivation can improve extracellular enzyme secretion. While, the co-cultivation was resulted an increasing in enzymes activities by 5.8, 8.8 and 81.3 nmol.min-1.ml-1 for β-glucosidase, celulase and xylanase, respectively. The SDS-PAGE protein profiles confirmed that, fungi co-cultivation results in improved the excretion of relevant enzymes proteins, the combined profile were contained proteins not observed in the individual fungus culture.The banana and mango peels were released the greatest saccharified pentose and hexose sugars, the total fermentable sugars from them were 27.77 and 21.13 g.l-1, respectively. The co-fermentation were conducted by selected yeast strain belong to Kluyveromyces marxianus to contribute previously sexual regenerative Saccharomyces cerevisiae for bioethanol production. As expected, the co-fermentation increased the bioethanol yield by more than 18% as average percentage for all saccharified peels. The substantial bioethanol yield were observed by saccharifed banana peels with 10.74 g.l-1, the adding of calcium oxide as drying agent lead finally to 97.5 wt % of pure bioethanol by duplicate the distillation process. The reaction molar ratio of cocked oil to ethyl acetate were established by 0
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