Abstract:The contribution deals with preparation of C 60 fullerene derivatives (oxo derivative, bromo derivative, hydrolyzed bromoderivative, bromo-chloro derivative), their identification and pilot testing of their biological effects on unicellular organisms. The contribution describes effects of C 60 fullerene derivatives, both on prokaryotic organisms (bacteria, cyanobacteria) and eukaryotic organisms (algae) and assesses their potential use as biocides.
For additive production, where the material is prepared by applying thin layers, a simplified designation 3D printing has been used. During this production volatile organic compounds and ultrafine particles are emitted into the air. A number of measurements for a given type of printer with a specific type of thermoplastic are published on this topic. The procedure of our measurement of the concentration of nanoparticles (10-700 nm) and their mean diameters can be called "field", because it took place in a real environment with mass deployment of 3D printing on the principle of FFF / FDM, with the measuring device moving between printers in various premises and activities:• in the production of parts intended for the assembly of printers, • in the manufacture of components for shields during the lockdown period associated with Covid-19, • in the creative workshops and laboratories of Prusa Research a.s.The aim of these measurements in real situations was to find measures to reduce the concentration of nanoparticles. Evaluation of the results was proceeded according to the ISO / TR 27 628 standard and determined a proposal of measures of a technological and organizational nature to reduce concentrations.Based on the results of our measurements these measures include (a) using central extract ventilation of the entire workplace, (b) separating the printer area from the workplace and using extract ventilation, and (c) filtering the air in the entire workplace using an air purifier. When adopting these measures, the financial requirements and technical feasibility must always be considered.
Scented candles are used in many professions. Both gaseous and solid emissions are generated in the workplace by their combustion. In our pilot experiment, we focused on determining the concentration of nanoparticles in the environment, their mean diameter, and lung deposited surface area (LSDA). The article presents the results obtained during the measurement in areas simulating a dry environment (shop, restaurant) and a humid environment (spa, rehabilitation). The concentrations of nanoparticles in the area of the simulation workplace (area 5.3 m 2 , volume 12.7 m 3 ) during the burning of a single candle were measured to be ca. 1600 thousand particles in cm 3 in the atmosphere. Such values are comparable to a foundry, engineering plant or glassworks. Measured concentrations can pose a risk primarily to both employees and clients. While in industrial plants the risks arising from the presence of dust and nanoparticles are taken into account and workers are provided protective equipment, in shops, spas or beauty salons, where scented candles are burned, they are often neglected.
The paper deals with the formation of nanomaterials (nanoparticles and nanofibers) in the manufacture and use of respiratory protective equipment. It focuses mainly on processes leading to the release of nanoplastics into the workplace and the environment. Based on selected properties of materials used for the manufacture of protective equipment, their stability in the environment is revealed. The paper demonstrates the impact on the environment considering semichronic phytotoxicity of nanoplastics.
Nanoparticles are present in everyday life including industry, and this article focuses mainly on their occurrence in the work environment. We measured the concentration of nanoparticles in anthropogenic activity, where nanoparticles are generated as unwanted waste. Two plants were selected for such measurements. In the first plant we measured nanoparticles based on metals, while in the second we measured nanoparticles of organic origin, specifically wood. This article also deals with the possible toxic effect of nanoparticles on the environment. The procedures of ISO / TR 27 628 -workplace atmospheres -ultrafine, nanoparticle and nanostructured aerosols -inhalation exposure characterization and assessment were applied to identify the key sites in both plants that produced the largest number of nanoparticles. We suggest the provision of protective work funds in an environment with a risk of nanoparticles according to the certified methodology of the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs.
The Czech Republic, like other member states of the European Union, has implemented Directive 2000/54/EC. However, the resulting form of the transposition does not fully correspond to the requirements set out in the directive. Above all, the omission of the terms containment and physical containment level, which are used not only in the directive, but also in the text of technical standards, is very problematic. As a result of the absence of the mentioned terms, it is very difficult for many employees to orient themselves in the Czech legal regulations focused on safety and health protection when working with biological agents. The article summarizes the requirements set by Czech regulations and compares them with the requirements of the Directive 2000/54/EC and technical standards. At the same time, it offers the reader a selection of the main regulations of a non-normative nature that have been created by international organizations (World health organization and European Committee for Standardization) in order to manage biological risk in the workplace.
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