In neurons, synaptotagmin1 (Syt1) is thought to mediate the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane when presynaptic Ca 2+ levels rise. However, in vitro reconstitution experiments have failed to recapitulate key characteristics of Ca 2+ -triggered membrane fusion. Using an in vitro single-vesicle fusion assay, we found that membrane-anchored Syt1 enhanced Ca 2+ -sensitivity and fusion speed. This stimulatory activity of membrane-anchored Syt1 dropped as the Ca 2+ level rose beyond physiological levels. Thus, Syt1 requires the membrane anchor to stimulate vesicle fusion at physiological Ca 2+ levels, and may function as a dynamic presynaptic Ca 2+ sensor to control the probability of neurotransmitter release.

The outcome of Helicobacter pylori infection was analyzed in 114 dyspeptic patients treated with triple-drug therapy including clarithromycin. Clarithromycin resistance (in 20.2% of our isolates) was mainly caused by an A2142G mutation in the 23S rRNA gene of H. pylori. H. pylori eradication was obtained in all patients with clarithromycin-susceptible isolates but not in any patients with clarithromycin-resistant isolates (P ‫؍‬ 0.0001). Therefore, it would be useful to conduct H. pylori antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the first gastric biopsy culture before choosing the first three drugs for therapy of infected patients.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the improvement of allergic dermatitis in chemical allergen-induced mice by Lactobacillus sakei probio 65. L. sakei probio-65 was isolated from kimchi, a traditional Korean fermented food. This strain was resistant to gastric acidity, bile, and several antibiotics and possessed antimicrobial activity against several pathogenic microorganisms. To investigate whether the probiotic activity of L. sakei probio 65 was effective for treating allergic dermatitis, the organism was supplied to mice triggered by allergen (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene). Mice that received L. sakei probio 65 showed a more rapid recovery compared to control mice, as assessed by visual evaluation of the severity of allergic dermatitis and levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) E and interleukin (IL)-4. L. sakei probio 65 exhibited good probiotic properties in vitro and in mice and was effective in reducing allergen-induced skin inflammation through the regulation of both elevated IgE and IL-4 in sensitized mice.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sensorimotor training in unstable surface on balance ability of elderly women. METHODS: Total of 40 subject were recruited from two separated institution for elderly women in Changwon and conveniently allocated into experimental and control groups. Twenty women were included into experimental group and another twenty women were into control group. Experimental group performed sensorimotor training in unstable surface and control group were only activities of daily living during eight weeks. To assess static balance ability used One leg stance test (OLST) and to assess dynamic balance ability used timed up and go test (TUGT) and Functional reach test (FRT).

| Abstract |★ PURPOSE: The purpose of this research was comparing and analyzing the exercise effect for the public who was not suffering back pain exercise in improving the waist flexibility, the waist muscular strength and the waist sense of equilibrium after grafted in William & McKenzie exercise with swiss ball. METHODS: 16 people who were not in progress of the chronic low-back pain were recruited. They were grouped into 8 for each experiment(GSBE=Group which play swiss ball exercise, GWME=Group which William & McKenzie exercise). RESULTS:The following result was obtained through measurement of three items in both pre and post examination. CONCLUSION:Comparing the average result of flexibility improvements of each group after 12-week exercise program, the result showed that GSBE was more effective than GWME with increase of muscular strength.Comparing the average result of muscular strength of each †Corresponding Author : hglee@masan.ac.kr group after 12-week exercise program, the result showed that GSBE was more effective than GWME with increase of flexibility improvements. Comparing the average result of sense equilibrium of each group after 12-week exercise program, the result showed that GSBE was more effective than GWME with increase of sense equilibrium.

The surface migration of lubricants degrades the quality of thermoplastic polymer composites. In this study, the surface migration of lubricants in polypropylene composites were studied to improve the quality of the composites. Polypropylene (PP)/lubricant composites were manufactured using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder and injection molding, and the migration phenomena of the lubricant in the PP/lubricant composites were investigated under accelerated aging conditions with temperatures in the range of 20 to 90 °C and humidity of 100% for 72 h. The interrelation between the surface migration properties of PP/lubricant composites were investigated by considering their microstructural and morphological features, which were influenced by the thermal aging conditions. Further, the microstructural and morphological features were examined by contact angle, surface energy, attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, close-up digital imaging, and atomic force microscopy analyses. The polypropylene composites containing the magnesium stearate as the lubricant were found to exhibit a more stable migration behavior than the polypropylene composites containing a calcium stearate lubricant. This is attributed to multiple synergistic factors, such as interfacial tension and work of adhesion between PP and the lubricant. The findings of this study can be utilized to effectively manufacture high-quality thermoplastic composites for the fourth industrial revolution.

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Synaptotagmin 1 (Syt1) is thought to be the main Ca 2þ switch for the presynaptic vesicle fusion. Although in vitro fusion assays importantly contributed to understanding the molecular mechanism of Syt1, the results was largely restricted to truncated Syt1 that retained only soluble C2AB domains. Using the single-vesicle fluorescence assay, we have recently shown the strong fusogenic activity of membrane-anchored Syt1 at physiological Ca 2þ levels (Science 328, 760 ( 2010)). Moreover, Syt1 shows a biphasic activity that Syt1 activity is observed to diminish at extraordinarily high Ca 2þ concentrations. By developing ability to detect content mixing in single vesicle fusion events, we here show that such dynamic Ca 2þ -dependent Syt1 activity is also observed at the content mixing level. In addition, we report point mutations in the linker, which was previously thought as a dull unstructured region, critically modulates the Syt1 activity. Therefore, Syt1 seems to become a far versatile fusion regulator when it in a form of membrane protein.