This study develops a non-contact vibro-acoustic detection technique for measuring the defect quantity and determining the imperfection orientation surrounding a bone-implant interface. Acoustic excitation through a miniature loud speaker and vibration response measurement using a capacity-type displacement sensor are applied to accomplish this task to prevent the mass loading effect on the structure to be examined. The proposed non-contact excitationresponse measurements are verified using a series of designated in vitro defect models, and the measured resonance frequencies (RFs) are used to discriminate interfacial structure variations. A finite element modal analysis is conducted to validate the measured RFs. Additionally, a prototype device is developed and applied to assess the osseointegration between dental implants and tibia in an in vivo animal model. A comparison of in vitro experimental results with numerical simulations shows that the RFs in the defective orientation are significantly smaller than those in the complete direction (p < 0.05), and that the values decrease with increasing defect quantity (p < 0.05). Moreover, the defect depth affects RF variation. In the in vivo experiments, the RF levels in the lateral direction of the tibia are much higher than those in the axial direction (p < 0.05) of the tibia. The RF values in the axial direction for two implants have no significant difference (p = 0.552), but the RFs in the lateral direction for implant 2 are higher than those for implant 1 (p < 0.05). The RF changes can be compared to assess osseointegration development. The proposed technique is promising for assisting dentists in the assessment of implant stability after surgery.
This paper aims to develop detection techniques and associated devices on irregular osseointegration during and after dental implant operations. More specifically, the study relates to the quantitative evaluation of an osseointegration between a dental implant and an alveolar bone through examining differences of dynamic characteristics of the dental implant and irregular bone defects. Developed techniques are able to inspect quantity, orientation and depth of bone defect. The associated device to this purpose is designed based upon the application of acoustic induced excitation and vibration response.
Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) has been applied to detect the stability and boundary condition of the dental implant osseointegration in several investigations. Its clinical relating application was generally accepted. Nevertheless, these studies only presented the overall phenomena of osseointegration around the implant and were unable to diagnose the location of the bone defect. Therefore, the aim of this study refers to an effective detection technique for locating the position of bone defect surrounding the dental implant. Various in-vitro bone defect models composed of a dental implant, a healing abutment and an artificial bone block were used to perform the experimental modal analysis (EMA). The bone defect model was excited by an impacted hammer; induced vibration response was acquired by an accelerometer and processed through a spectrum analyzer. The statistical analysis was used to generalize the relationship between the obtained RF values and various bone defects from experimental results. The finding of this study indicates that RF decreases remarkably when the range and depth of defects increase. Thus, the direction of the defect is decided first by RF variations of the sound and defective side, and the position of the defect is discriminated later by RF differences of various bone defect models. This conclusion assists doctors in diagnosis after surgery.
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