The Beijing national Aquatics center played a key role in the 2008 olympics. it was a ground-breaking project in many ways, with its highly complex and irregular polyhedron steel space frame clad with ethylene tetrafluoroethylene membrane pillows -designed to resemble a 'water cube' -setting new standards for design and construction technology. This paper provides an overview of the innovative design and explains how the concept of 'on-site further design' was formally developed to help deliver it. The Beijing National Aquatics Center was one of the two main venues for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games (Chen et al., 2008; Yuan et al., 2008) (Figure 1). By adopting a completely novel structural form and innovative building materials it broke the mould of traditional steel and concrete building design. Details of the venue are listed in Table 1 and the layout is shown in Figure 2. It was the first time Lord Kelvin's foam bubble theory was applied in architecture and is also the world's largest public building wholly enclosed by an ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) air-filled membrane (Yuan et al., 2008).
Delivering theThe main challenge for the contractor, China State Construction Engineering Corporation, was how to manage the combined application of an irregular polyhedron steel space frame with an inflated ETFE membrane. This led to the formal development of the concept of 'on-site further design' by the contracting team.
bubble theory and steel structuresAt the end of the nineteenth century, UK physicist William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) put forward a foam bubble theory to investigate how space could be partitioned in cells of equal volume with the least area of surface between them (Thompson, 1887). His proposed solution was a tetradecahedron -a 14 sided polyhedron -with six square faces and eight hex-
In this work, a (CdO)0.94:(In2O3)0.06 film was developed on a glass substrate using Q- switching pulse laser beam (Nd:YAG; wavelength 1064 nm). The quantitative elemental analysis of the (CdO)0.94:(In2O3)0.06 thin film was achieved using energy dispersive X- ray diffraction (EDX). The topological and morphological properties of the deposited thin film were investigated using atomic force microscope (AFM) and field emission scan electron microscopy (FESEM). The I-V characteristic and Hall effect of (CdO)0.94 :(In2O3)0.06 thin films were used to study the electrical properties. The gas sensor properties of the film prepared on n-Si were investigated for oxidization and reduction gases.
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