Currently, a global pandemic era of public health concerns is going on with the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first case of COVID-19 was reported from Wuhan’s Huanan seafood market in China late December 2019. Bats, pangolins, and snakes have been nominated as salient carriers of the virus. Thanks to its high pathogenicity, it can cause severe respiratory infections. Fever, dry cough, sore throat, pneumonia, septic shock, and ground-glass opacities are the foremost clinical manifestations of COVID-19. Immunocompromised patients are at high risk for COVID-19 infection and may lead to death. Scientist and government agencies around the globe are putting forward their best efforts and resources for the effective treatment of human coronavirus infections; however, neither vaccines nor antiviral drugs are available for the treatment of human coronaviruses (HCoV) infections such as SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), MERS (Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome), and COVID-19. Since the outbreak, a plethora of research and review articles have been published. Moreover, the mass media has bombarded the public with conflicting opinions about the pandemic. There is a dire need for accurate and reliable information concerning this pandemic. In this review, we have compiled the up to date information about the origins, evolution, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of this disease. Moreover, very few reports have addressed the clinical features and current status of treatment for COVID-19; we have adequately addressed these topics in detail in this review. Finally, a detailed account of clinical trials of vaccines and other therapeutics currently in progress has been delineated.
Introduction: Sinonasal malignancies (SNMs) are a rare and heterogeneous group of cancers with an incidence of 3%–5% of all head-and-neck tumours. The aim of the present study was to identify the characteristic features of SNMs and to analyze the treatment outcomes and the prognostic factors affecting it. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of patients with SNM treated at a dedicated cancer center of Pakistan between 2004 and 2018 was carried out. All patients with histologically proven diagnosis of malignancy arising from nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses and being treated with curative intent were included. The medical records of 184 cases were utilized for final analysis. Chi-square test was applied to identify significant differences. Five-year disease-specific survival (DSS) was calculated using Kaplan–Meier curve via log-rank test and comparison was made between squamous and nonsquamous histologies. P ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common histopathology ( n = 62, 33.7%). 130 (70.7%) patients presented with stage IV disease. Nodal metastasis was seen in 24 (13%) patients. Treatment failure was seen in 96 (52.2%) patients and was significantly associated with tumour size and the overall stage. DSS of patients with squamous cell carcinoma was 29% as compared to 52% for patients with nonsquamous histologies ( P = 0.001). Discussion: SNM is a diverse group of cancers presenting in late stages. A higher rate of treatment failure associated significantly with stage of the disease was identified in our study.
Mammary Analogue Secretory Carcinoma (MASC) is a rare pathology of the salivary gland, most commonly involving the parotid gland. The objective of this study was to identify the characteristic features of MASC and its treatment outcomes. A retrospective review of 12 patients with histological diagnosis of MASC, who were managed between 2010 to 2019, was carried out at the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Centre, Lahore. Their mean age was 34 (±16) years. There were 9 (75%) male and 3 (25%) female patients. Painless slow growing swelling was the most common presenting symptom. All the patients had undergone surgical excision with or without neck dissection, followed by adjuvant treatment. Of these, six patients had T2 tumours, while four had cervical lymph node metastasis. The mean follow-up period was 23 (±21) months. Local recurrence was seen in one patient. MASC is considered a low-grade tumour with good prognosis which can be treated with curative intent of surgery followed by radiotherapy effectively. Keywords: Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma, Parotid gland, Salivary tumour.
PurposeDelayed presentation of lateral condylar fractures of the humerus is relatively common in the developing regions of the world. These fractures are difficult to manage because of the displacement and fibrosis around the condylar fragment secondary to the delay. There is a paucity of literature concerning the management of these fractures. An oft repeated finding is the requirement of extensive dissection around the fragment for proper reduction. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of surgical management of lateral condylar fractures with delayed presentation.MethodsWe assessed the results of lateral condylar fracture fixation in 20 cases with delayed presentation.ResultsThe lateral condylar fractures in patients with a delayed presentation can be managed surgically with good results.ConclusionsOpen reduction and internal fixation should continue to be the method of choice for the management of lateral condylar fractures which report late for management.
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