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Assessment of third molar development was found to be a reliable method for age estimation of individuals between 11 and 22 years. Because of possible ethnic and geographic differences in third molar development, population specific researches were recommended.

to determine levels of change in risk factors for cardiovascular disease among people with and without a previous diagnosis of diabetes from 2007 to 2016 in Iran. Data were obtained from five rounds of the World Health Organization STEPwise approach to Surveillance (STEPS) cross-sectional surveys. Participants were 7665 and 93,733 adults with and without known diabetes, respectively, aged 25-65 years. We used logistic and linear regressions to assess the trends of risk factors. Individuals with known diabetes compared to those without the condition, experienced greater reductions in mean levels of systolic blood pressure (3.0 vs. 0.5 mmHg among women and 3.9 vs. 1.6 mmHg among men), diastolic blood pressure (6.4 vs. 5.11 mmHg in women and 3.3 vs. 1.8 mmHg in men), and non-HDL cholesterol (42.4 vs. 27.2 mg/dL among women and 30.3 vs. 21.0 mg/dL among men) throughout these years. Men with diabetes also showed a greater reduction in the prevalence of daily cigarette smoking compared to their non-diabetic counterparts (7.3% vs. 2.3%). Fasting plasma glucose decreased among subjects with diabetes but increased among those without diabetes. Significant increases were observed in proportions who met goals for blood pressure, triglycerides, non-HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in both groups; however, almost half of diabetic subjects did not achieve risk factor goals in 2016. Secondary prevention in diabetic patients was more effective than primary prevention in the general population; however, the rate of diabetic patients who met the designated goals for each risk factor was still suboptimal. Diabetes is associated with premature mortality from different causes, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD) 1. Previous studies have demonstrated the vitality of CVD risk factor control to decrease the fast-rising trend of this mortality and CVD events in people with diabetes 2-4. Furthermore, evidence suggests that the use of more intensive targets for blood pressure and cholesterol in individuals with diabetes results in a more significant reduction in the incidence of CVD events 5-7. However, several studies report that people with diabetes are less likely to achieve target goals for control of CVD risk factors than those without diabetes 8,9. Nationally representative data that investigate trends in CVD risk factors in both the general population and people with diabetes in Middle Eastern countries such as Iran are scarce. Moreover, due to the lack of proper investigations that compare secular trends for CVD risk factors in individuals with and without diabetes in

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Ghosal hematodiaphyseal dysplasia (GHDD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder presenting with steroid-responsive anemia and diaphyseal dysplasia of long bones. We report a 3-year-old Iranian girl with refractory anemia, splenomegaly and radiologic signs of metadiaphyseal dysplasia in long bones. The diagnosis was established by clinical presentation and X-ray bone survey. The patient was treated with oral prednisolone therapy with considerable improvement in anemia and splenomegaly.

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