Background: Type 2 diabetes and obesity are related to other metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, high blood pressure, visceral obesity increase and metabolic syndrome with high danger of cardiovascular disease expansion. Objectives: This study aimed to determine whether in patients with type 2 diabetes, substrate oxidation and energy expenditure were affected by the type of intensity of acute aerobic exercise they were provided. Materials and Methods: Nine men with type 2 diabetes (Mean ± SD; age 52.6 ± 0.36 years, Body Mass Index (BMI) = 30.3 ± 2.4) and 9 obese control group (Mean ± SD; age 49.1 ± 1.4 years, BMI = 31.3 ± 1.8) were participated in this study. In the first session, anthropometric measurements, body composition and maximum oxygen uptake (VO 2 peak) were measured in all subjects. In the next sessions, subjects completed two acute aerobic exercises on separate days in a crossover design. The two exercise trials performed at intensity of 60% and 80% VO 2 peak after fasting for at least 10 hours. Means of volume of oxygen (VO 2 ) and Volume of Carbon dioxide (VCO 2 ) were calculated during 30 minutes for measuring the rates of fat oxidation, carbohydrate oxidation and energy expenditure at each intensity. Results:The results showed that substrate oxidation and energy expenditure were lower in the diabetic group (P < 0.05) compared to the control one. Also, the results revealed that carbohydrate oxidation and energy expenditure were statistically increased by providing high intensity rather than moderate intensity; however, fat oxidation was statistically increased by providing moderate intensity rather than high intensity (P < 0.05). Conclusions: According to the results of the present study, aerobic exercise at moderate intensity and proper time can be considered as a special treatment to prevent diabetes complications and related disorders, particularly obesity.
Background and aims: Exercise time is one of the main challenges of athletes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of acute aerobic exercise at different times of the day on iron status and hematological factors in professional football players. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 40 professional football players were randomly divided into morning exercise, evening exercise, morning control, and evening control groups. The experimental groups performed Bruce’s test in the morning and evening. To measure iron, ferritin, red blood cell (RBC), and hemoglobin (Hb), the blood samples were taken before, immediately after, as well as 24 and 72 hours after the Bruce test. Repeated-measure ANOVA and two-way ANOVA (group*time) were used to analyze the obtained data. Results: The results showed a significant increase immediately after an acute aerobic exercise while demonstrating a significant decrease in RBC and Hb in morning and evening exercise groups 24 and 72 hours after the exercise compared to the control groups. In addition, a significant reduction immediately after the acute aerobic exercise, whereas a significant increase 24 and 72 hours after the exercise, was observed in the serum levels of iron and ferritin in the morning and evening exercise groups compared to the control groups. As regards the serum levels of iron, an immediate significant decrease, along with a significant increase 24 hours after the acute aerobic exercise was found between the morning and evening exercise groups (P≤0.05). Conclusion: It seems that performing acute endurance training in the evening is safe in terms of reducing the serum levels of iron and developing the "exercise-induced anemia". Finally, at least 24 hours is required for the recovery of hematological parameters after acute endurance training.
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