The consequence of cryptosporidiosis on the immune response of vaccinated chickens against Newcastle disease and/or avian influenza was studied by using 240, 1 day old, male, white Hy-Line chicks and divided into 8 groups and subgroups. Each group or subgroup was consisting of 30 chicks (15 × 2 replicates). The first and second groups were kept as unvaccinated control, G1uninfected and G2 infected. G3, G4 and G5 contained 2 subgroups A&B (G3A, G3B, G4A, G4B, G5A and G5B). Chicks of subgroup A were vaccinated only while chicks of subgroup B were infected and vaccinated. These chicks were orally inoculated with 5 × 10(5) oocysts of Cryptosporidium baileyi (C. baileyi) at 2 days of age. Chickens were vaccinated intraocular with live Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine (Hitchner on day 7th and LaSota on day 17th of chicken life) (G3) or vaccinated by subcutaneous route with Volvac®- H5N2- AI vaccine on day 10 of chicken life (G4). Last group (G5) was infected similarly and vaccinated with ND and AI vaccines with the same day, dose and route of vaccination for each one. Random blood samples were collected for 3 weeks post-vaccination for investigation of humoral immune response against Newcastle and/or avian influenza vaccines by the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The results showed that H5N2 vaccine at day 10 of chicken life is effective in chickens indicated by the geometric mean of HI titer against AI virus. The findings of this study showed that the infection with Cryptosporidia in the broiler chicken has a depressive effect on the immune status of the birds vaccinated against ND and/or AI vaccination. Moreover, the obtained protection rates against challenge with virulent ND virus observed to be parallel to the results of HI- test. Also, by using 2 different antigens (one commercial and field prepared antigen) to avian influenza virus, lower Geometric mean (GM) HI titer were appeared in infected and vaccinated group than vaccinated group only. A study of the relative lymphoid organs weight such as bursa of Fabricius from the experimental chicks indicated that those organs were comparable between the groups infected-vaccinated and vaccinated only. Non significant variations in final live weight between uninfected control and infected groups were indicated. Also, H5N2-AI vaccination at 10 days old did not affect the final live weight. ND and/or AI Vaccination could not be a substitute to application of good hygienic measures and fecal examination of the birds especially for protozoal diseases such as cryptosporidiosis. It could be concluded that cryptosporidiosis could be one cause of ND and/or AI vaccination failure in poultry farms.

This study was carried out on six laying hen farms, three mite-infested and three mite-free at Dakahlia and Damietta governorates in Egypt to demonstrate: (i) prevalence of different species of mites on laying hen farms; (ii) effects of mite infestation on chicken health and production; (iii) efficacy of deltamethrin (DMT) on treatment of mite infestation and (iv) residues of DMT in eggs and meat. The results showed that 12 mite species were detected in the mite-infested farms, this is the first record in Egypt, and that Dermanyssus gallinae was the highest identified species from 295 (40.9%) of 720 samples. There was a significant effect (P ≤ 0.05) of mites on the mortality %, feed consumption, egg production % and the tested haematological parameters. DMT had no impact on production performance, while transient respiratory signs post-spraying were recorded. The mites induced severe skin lesions. Egg samples showed the highest residue levels of DMT, followed by muscle and skin at P ≤ 0.05. It can be concluded that the mite species, as a first record, had a deleterious impact on the performance of the Egyptian laying hen farm facilities. Moreover, that DMT (Butox 50 EC, Intervet Co., France) spraying was ineffective by one-time application, every 1 or 2 months in mite-infested laying hen farms, particularly when heavily infested. Furthermore, DMT residues in laying hen eggs and tissue should be considered to avoid the potential risk for humans.

A total of 212 Kawakawa (Euthynnus affinis) fish is a descriptive name and it's called with "Balamyta" in the Egyptian markets. From which,108 fish (group a.) were frozen as 65 fishes under the weight (wt.) of 3kg/fish, 43 over such weight. The rest 104 fish (group b.) collected freshly dead as 62 fishes under the wt. of 3kg/fish, 42 fish over such weight . Fish were collected from Dakahlia and Damietta markets during the period from Nov. 2014 up to April 2015 and also, through the period from May 2015 up to October 2015 for the frozen and freshly dead fish respectively. The study elucidate the presence of an intermediate host (plerocercoid larvae) of a genus, Schistocephalus as a cestode (tape worm) within the family Diphyllobothridae affecting Kawakawa (Kaw.) fish. Plerocercoid larvae were isolated from the abdominal cavity of the affected fish. Case of the affected frozen fish under the wt. 3kg/ fish revealed 3.07% and over the wt. 3kg/ fish showed 9.30%. While under the wt. 3kg/ fish was 4.83% and over the wt. of 3kg/ fish showed 11.90% in the freshly dead fish. Musculature, internal organs and tissues in the abdominal cavity of the affected freshly dead fish were showed "fried" and dark brown colour. Histopathological findings revealed multiple deposits of haemosiderin as spots within the liver of the affected freshly dead fish and vacuolation of the muscle fibers. Besides,scanning electron Microscopy (SEM) exhibited the larval morphological outline which clarify the plerocercoid Schistocephalus sp. of the family Diphyllobothridae.