Thin film has been extensively study due to better structural, surface morphology, and optical properties. The combination of two materials will enhance the properties of thin film. In this study, TiO2/ZnO thin films were deposited on glass substrates via sol-gel method. TiO2 acts as pre-deposited thin film with calcination temperatures at 400 °C, 500 °C, and 600 °C. The post-deposition of TiO2/ZnO thin films were calcined at 500 °C and 600 °C. TiO2 sol-gel was synthesis from titanium (IV) butoxide and butanol as the precursor, while ZnO sol-gel was synthesis from zinc acetate dehydrate and isopropanol as the precursor. The TiO2/ZnO thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscope (AFM), and ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). The effect of calcination temperature and pre-deposited TiO2 thin films show difference results of bilayer thin films. The XRD analysis shows all TiO2/ZnO thin films growth with TiO2 anatase crystalline phase at orientation (1 0 1) and ZnO zincite phase at orientation (1 0 1). The structural properties of TiO2/ZnO thin films were improved by controlling the calcination temperature. Based on AFM analysis, the RMS value for TiO2/ZnO decreases as the calcination temperature increased. The compacted and dense surface roughness were controlled by the temperature. Meanwhile, the percentage of thin film ultraviolet transmittance can be enhanced with combination of two materials, TiO2 and ZnO. Therefore, the pre-deposited layer of thin film with influenced by calcination temperature will improve the crystallinity, surface morphology, and optical properties of TiO2/ZnO thin films.
Four formulations of triaxial porcelain composed from 34 – 49% clay, 13 – 22% potash feldspar, 10 – 30% Soda feldspar and 14 – 28% silica sand, were prepared from raw materials sourced from Malaysian deposits. Specimens were made using the dry pressing method and characterized in terms of constituent oxide composition, compressive strength and powder-XRD analyses, respectively. XRD studies revealed that the crystalline phases are mullite and quartz and their intensity is almost identical for all samples fired at 1250°C but there is a decrease in quartz content as temperature is increased. Samples with 28% sand content resulted in higher compressive strength compared to those containing 14% and 25% sand. The major factor influencing compressive strength was found to be porosity in samples as opposed to crystallinity. A body EP3 with 64.9% SiO2, 25.4% Al2O3, 3.6% K2O, 1.5% Na2O and 1.09% others exhibited best mechanical properties due to greater density and lower porosity formation.
Porcelain balls as grinding media are produced by firing process of clay, quartz and feldspar mixtures. This application need high technological properties such as high compressive strength and hardness, wear resistance, low water absorption and excellent chemical resistance. These properties are associated with higher firing temperatures. The porcelain balls were prepared by mixing 30 wt.% clay, 40 wt.% feldspar and 30 wt.% quartz. The samples were sintered at 1200°C, 1230°C, 1250°C, 1270°C and 1300°C for 2 hours with heating rate of 3°C/min. Both green powder and fired samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The properties of the fired samples were evaluated by compressive strength, hardness, shrinkage, water absorption, bulk density, and porosity measurement. Increasing of compressive strength, hardness and density are associated with increasing of firing temperatures. Porcelain balls PB1 and PB2 can be produced as grinding media with optimum mechanical and physical properties at firing temperature 1270°C and 1250°C, respectively.
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