The degree of influence of socio-economic inequality on meeting the vital needs of various social groups in Ukraine is analyzed. It is noted that such inequality becomes the main obstacle in terms of physical and financial access to food and, ultimately, the emergence of disparities in the formation and development of an inclusive society. The evolution of views on the interpretation of food security is determined: from food security (that is, the production of a sufficient amount of food products) to the orientation of food security as an important component of the quality of life of the population. The importance of a multi-aspect analysis of the food security system, namely its social, economic and biological components, is emphasized. Based on the biological aspect of nutrition, the level of its balance in terms of the main macro- and micronutrients and caloric content was investigated. During the studied period (2000 - 2020), the nutritional content of the Ukrainian diet exceeded the recommended norm due to the consumption of plant products; at the same time, the calorie content of products of animal origin was no more than 30% of the actual daily requirement (the norm is 55%). Based on the application of regression analysis, the existence of a noticeable direct (linear) relationship between the life expectancy of a person (both sexes) and the caloric content of the diet of animal origin was established. It is calculated that if the physiological norm of products of animal origin is used, the expected life expectancy of a Ukrainian will be 79.9 years. An analysis of the differentiation of consumer spending by Ukrainian households by quintile (20%) groups was conducted during 2010-2020. It was established that over the past 5 years, there has been an increase in the differentiation of food spending between the fifth and first quintile groups. It is noted that the main conditions for achieving food security and nutrition security according to the criterion "economic availability of food" are the growth of incomes, the leveling of income differentiation and the reduction of the scale of population poverty. The main factors of influence on the food security of Ukraine in the conditions of martial law have been determined. The results of the study can be used by state authorities in developing areas of food security support taking into account food security.
The article is devoted to identification of reasons for the changes in agricultural policy, the structure, peculiarities of modern mechanisms for supporting producers, consumers, and agriculture according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) methodology. The agricultural sector is considered as a combination of three elements: the complex of agricultural enterprises, the general supply sector, and consumers of agricultural products. Dynamics of the resulting indicator of the level of government support for the agricultural sector (TSE) of Ukraine in 1995-2017 are characterized by diversity, which indicates a lack of consistent policy in agricultural production. Agricultural sector support is provided through the support of producers. There is an insatiability of physiological consumption of certain food groups, especially of animal origin in our country. For the majority of the population, the cost of nutrition in the household budget is very high, that's why we need to study the effectiveness of consumer support indicators (CSE).The government does not simultaneously support the producers and consumers. The results of the analysis of such indicators as CSE and PSE confirm this tendency. The causes of failures in the agri-food market are identified: inelasticity of supply, which is explained by the immobility of the resources "land" and "labor force"; inelasticity of demand, which is explained by E. Engel's and J. Keynes' Laws and the degree of saturation of food demand. Another reason for the failures of the agri-food market is a high differentiation of incomes and, as a result, the differentiation in volumes of food consumption. For Ukrainian high income households, the saturation limit for food products has almost been reached. The study reveals the relationship between household incomes and the dynamics of demand in the agri-food market. It is shown the ways and methods of increasing demand. It is advisable to give subsidies to low-income population, not just in additional cash payments or lower income tax rates, but in the form of food cards, free lunches for children, nursing mothers and other low-income population. Such spending of public funds can increase food demand. Government support of low-income population should be a priority for government policy not only in crisis conditions, but also in conditions of economic growth.
Considered food systems as complex socio-ecological systems, including multiple interactions between human and natural components. The use of a systems approach to food systems has been justified. which anticipates complex interactions between human and natural systems and feedback loops that affect food security and nutrition. A food system framework that recognizes complex interactions, synergies, and feedback loops is proposed, providing a solid foundation for elucidating the drivers and mechanisms of food system change. Tools for assessing food system resilience are considered. Food system monitoring is proposed to consider the outcome of food security, as food security and nutrition is the main outcome of food systems.
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