The high recurrence rate in patients who did not undergo ReTUR is due to a high residual tumor rate following initial TURB. The benefit of ReTUR is especially true for high grade tumors. Since intravesical MMC was present in both groups, this study has shown that intravesical chemotherapy does not compensate for inadequate resection. Progression does not seem to be affected by ReTUR although there was a trend favoring the ReTUR group. We recommend ReTUR for patients with primary high grade T1 disease to achieve better recurrence-free survival.

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The results suggest that cabazitaxel has a manageable safety profile in everyday clinical practice. Prophylactic use of G-CSF, especially at cycle 1 and in men aged > or =75 years, is important and improves tolerability in senior adults treated with cabazitaxel.

High tumor stage and grade, and ureteral location were significantly associated with worse disease specific and recurrence-free survival in patients with upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma. Our results may help define the patient groups that need adjuvant therapy and they may form a basis for further controlled studies.

Study Type – Therapy (RCT) Level of Evidence 1b What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is commonly used as a primary treatment for patients with prostate cancer (PCa) who are not eligible for radical treatment options. ADT is also used in patients with PCa as neo‐adjuvant hormone therapy to reduce prostate volume and down‐stage the disease before radiotherapy with curative intent. The present study showed that ADT with the gonadotropin hormone‐releasing hormone (GhRH) antagonist degarelix is non‐inferior to combined treatment with the LHRH agonist goserelin and bicalutamide in terms of reducing prostate volume during the treatment period of 3 months. Degarelix treatment evokes, however, significantly better relief of lower urinary tract symptoms in patients having moderate and severe voiding problems. OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of monthly degarelix treatment for reduction of total prostate volume (TPV), relief of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and improvement of quality of life (QoL) in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) using monthly goserelin as active control. METHODS This was a randomized, parallel‐arm, active‐controlled, open‐label, multicentre trial on 182 patients treated with either monthly degarelix (240/80 mg) or goserelin (3.6 mg) for 12 weeks. For flare protection, goserelin‐treated patients also received daily bicalutamide (50 mg) during the initial 28 days. Key trial variables monitored monthly were TPV (primary endpoint), serum testosterone, prostate‐specific antigen (PSA), the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and the Benign Prostate Hyperplasia Impact Index. RESULTS In all, 175 patients completed the trial (96.1%). At week 12, changes in TPV for degarelix and goserelin were similar (−37.2% vs −39.0%) and met the predefined non‐inferiority criterion. Decreases in IPSS were greater in degarelix than in goserelin‐treated patients, differences being statistically significant in patients with baseline IPSS > 13 (−6.7 ± 1.8 vs −4.0 ± 1.0; P= 0.02). The number of patients with an IPSS change of ≥3 over baseline was also significantly higher in patients treated with degarelix (61.0 vs 44.3%, P= 0.02). Both treatments were safe and well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS Medical castration reduces TPV and could also improve LUTS in patients with PCa. While the short‐term efficacy of degarelix and goserelin + bicalutamide was the same in terms of TPV reduction, degarelix showed superiority in LUTS relief in symptomatic patients, which could highlight the different actions of these drugs on extrapituitary gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors in the bladder and/or the prostate.

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