Whether climate change is real or not, the daily basis phenomena and its evidences should be our concern nowadays. Yogyakarta is one of the provinces that are vulnerable to the impact of climate change in Indonesia. The specific responses to climate change phenomena in Yogyakarta province are indirectly correlated to landscape characteristics. These characteristics are important aspects for the assessment and development of new approaches to address the impacts of climate change. Therefore, this paper presents the status of landscape vulnerability to climate change in Yogyakarta province to consider the issues of mitigation and adaptation to climate change. Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was applied to determine the objective of the research. The results of previous studies were reviewed in depth and combined with field observations to build a strong argument before evaluating the matrices and weights in the AHP steps. The result analysis showed that the most vulnerable landscape in Yogyakarta province is the anthropogenic landscape, which is located in Yogyakarta city. Furthermore, the combination of population density and poor sanitation management should be considered as a factor in mitigating and adapting to climate change in Yogyakarta city.
THE subject covers two widely-differing fields of architecture, both having their 1 own problems and peculiarities yet each being essential to the other in modern estate development. It may also be said that the two are complementary in that the general layout of an estate must provide suitable sites for schools, etc., sites which besides ensuring economical school buildings are properly placed in relation to the population, main roads, etc., giving character and local interest to the scheme as a whole.A brief survey of the process of evolution of school buildings shows how changing policies and controlling factors have been reflected in the changing character of the school buildings themselves. The early schools were largely of monastic or ecclesiastical origin, were frequently built near churches or cathedrals and obtained a good deal of their architectural character from such surroundings. Thus the emphasis was on church-hall type of construction, narrow arched windows and poor lighting. Sanitary accommodation, moreover, was poor and far from adequate. It was not until near the end of the nineteenth century that any attempt was made to reorganize education by the introduction of school boards with power to build and maintain schools from rates and government grants. Design, however, was now largely dictated by administrative control, and classrooms were grouped to give the head teacher immediate visual control of each room through glazed doors and screens. In accordance with the trend of the period there was a constant striving for symmetry, and elevationally the schools developed a grim and institutional appearance. Typical examples of this type of school in Sunderland are to be seen at Cowan Terrace Senior Mixed School, St. Columba's Church of England School and Hudson Road County Primary Junior School.At the beginning of the twentieth century the establishment of the local education authorities gave rise to the &dquo; council &dquo; schools and began a new era in school building. The school medical service was introduced and emphasis on health and welfare caused more attention to be paid to ventilation, natural lighting, sanitation and facilities for physical training. Regulations were also introduced governing the sizes and heights of classrooms. It is, however, interesting to note that even at this stage &dquo; economy &dquo; was being pressed in the design of school buildings, and in 1911 legislation was introduced to exempt schools from local byelaws in a bid to obtain a cheaper construction.Earlier trends, however, still reflected on construction in the nineteen-thirties, and the desire for symmetry and ease of supervision established the &dquo; square &dquo; type of plan with an inner quadrangle, a method of planning which did not easily allow for improvements to be made in the light of later experience. Typical examples of this type of school in Sunderland are the Grange Park and Bede Grammar Schools. Shortly before the second world war, however, continental influence led to stronger horizontal treat...
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