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The improvements in marine technological developments propagate urbanization in the ocean environment. The construction or operational activities of marine structures such as energy plants, oil platforms, pipelines , sea-tunnel passages, or cable-stayed suspension bridges, and vessel traffic are sources of underwater noise pollution. How underwater sounds such as piling, pole drilling, or machinery noises may affect the marine live is mostly ignored in marine construction, and there is lack of information regarding underwater sound effects on marine live in the oceans. Recently, a remarkable interest is developing concerning underwater sound effects, especially in aquaculture facilities, with experimentation of musical stimuli or various noises caused by pumps or filter systems on behavior and stress responses of fish in culture conditions. With the increase of urbanization and progressive development of marine industries, more and more pressure from human-generated (anthropogenic) underwater sound pollution may threaten marine mammals, fish species and invertebrates from underwater noises that in terms might be called as "Underwater Noise Pollution". The future of marine life and that of human being, and the dramatic increase of underwater sound pollution is a new debate that needs to be controlled in a sustainable way with environmentsound approaches. Therefore the potential effects of various sound sources derived from marine industrial activities have been reviewed in this study.

In the present study, effects of underwater sound transmission on growth, feed utilization and behavior of Koi fish (Cyprinus carpio, initial weight 3.67±0.18 g) was investigated via exposure to Urban Noise, Silk Road, Sufi Ney, and a Quran performance. Underwater sound transmissions were performed daily with playbacks between 08:00-08.30, 12:30-13:00, and 17:00-17:30 hours, throughout the feeding trial for a period of 90 days in a recirculating aquaculture system. An experimental group without any sound served as control. Results showed that musical stimuli tested in this study positively influenced fish growth and feed efficiency. Experimental fish presented slow growth performance during the first period however the disturbed swimming behavior of fish scattering in the tanks changed to a more regular swimming and improved growth thereafter, an indication of lower stress condition or acclimatization of fish to sounds. As a result, fish growths and feed efficiencies were influenced by musical stimuli with remarkably higher rates in the Quran performance and instrumental Sufi Ney treatments, compared to the Silk Road or the control group. Urban noise presented adverse effect on fish growth and feed efficiency. Hence, musical stimuli could be considered as a growth promoting factor ensuring fish welfare in intensive aquaculture facilities.

A feeding trial was carried out to determine the effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on the growth performance and feed utilization of wild-caught striped sea bream (Lithognathus mormyrus). The experimental fish were collected from a local lagoon (Ç ardak Lagoon, Ç anakkale, Turkey), transferred to the Marine Net Cage Unit and fed by hand to apparent satiation with a commercial sea bream feed (Biomar; 42% crude protein, 16% crude lipid). Approximately 4 weeks were needed to acclimate the fish to farming conditions. No pathological signs were observed and no fish losses occurred during the adaptation period. For the test trials four test diets with different levels of protein and lipid were formulated [low protein and low lipid (LP:LL), low protein and high lipid (LP:HL), high protein and low lipid (HP:LL), and high protein and high lipid (HP:HL)] and fed to L. mormyrus (mean weight 85.0 ± 4.6 g SEM) in the net cages (Ø 2 m, depth 2.5 m) for 60 days. During the experiment water temperature varied between 21.1 and 26.4°C; dissolved oxygen 8.4-9.6 mg L )1 ; pH 7.2-8.6; and salinity 23.3-25.6&. Growth performances of fish fed high protein diets were higher compared to fish fed low protein diets, irrespective of the dietary lipid level (P < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were not influenced by dietary protein or lipid levels (P > 0.05). Preliminary results indicate that striped sea bream can be easily adapted to farming conditions in net cages, and that a diet containing 50% crude protein and 15% crude lipid (HP:LL) levels with 23.0 g protein MJ )1 gross energy of protein ⁄ energy ratio would be suitable for striped sea bream growth.