induced by various treatments (Ludder and Heavner 1979, Severin 1995). Pure agonist opioids are known to cause bradycardia and a decrease in blood pressure (Wilson 1992). The marked decrease in Schirmer tear test values observed may also be due to the central effects of opioids on neural regulation of tear production; neural control is the primary factor regulating tear production (Dart 1994). It is known that in human beings, dogs and rabbits opioid agonists tend to cause central nervous depression (Hall and others 2001).Although there are no previous reports of the effects of pethidine and fentanyl on tear production, it has been demonstrated that a combination of medetomidine and buprenorphine caused a significant decrease in Schirmer tear test values, from 16·9 (1·08) to 1·7 (0·94) mm/minute, 10 minutes after treatment (Soontornvipart and others 2003). When opioids are combined with sedatives synergism seems to occur, the sedation and analgesia produced being greater than that capable of being achieved by either drug alone (Hall and others 2001). Compared with the results of the present study, higher decreases in tear test values following administration of medetomidine and buprenorphine may be attributable to more effective antinociception.The results of this study indicate that pethidine and fentanyl both cause a significant decrease in tear production. For this reason, these drugs should not be used for sedation or analgesia before the diagnosis of ocular diseases related to lacrimal secretion.
Two groups of six mares aged from eight to 18 years were anaesthetised by caudal epidural injections of ropivacaine (0.5 per cent, 0.1 mg/kg) or a combination of ripovacaine (0.08 mg/kg) and fentanyl (100 microg) in a randomised study. The onset of anaesthesia was significantly more rapid (P<0.001) and it lasted significantly longer (P<0.001) in the group anaesthetised with the combination of drugs. The surgical comfort scores of the group anaesthetised with the combination were higher than those of the group anaesthetised with ropivacaine alone (P<0.001), and the quality of intraoperative analgesia, as assessed by the surgeon, was significantly improved. There were no differences between the groups in their average scores for the levels of ataxia and sedation, in their behaviour, or in the incidence of side effects.
The present study was conducted to evaluate the clinical and histopathological characteristics of bovine ocular and periocular neoplasms and the results of the therapeutic procedures. The study materials were 15 cattle with ocular-periocular neoplasms, which were housed at modern farm premises or family holdings and either referred to the surgery clinic or treated on-site, between 2008-2011. Treatment was performed by local tumour extirpation in 5 cases and ocular extirpation in 10 cases. In the post operative period, routine controls and wound care were performed on a weekly basis for a one month period in all of the cases. Furthermore, efforts were made to obtain information from the animal owner up to the 6th month post-operation. Based on the histopathological examination of the extirpated neoplastic tissues, 11 of the cases (73%) were diagnosed with ocular squamous cell carcinoma, whilst 1 case (7%) each was diagnosed with trichoepithelioma, solid apocrine ductal carcinoma, apocrine carcinoma, and fibrosarcoma. Until the 6th month post-operation no finding that would suggest the recurrence or possible metastasis of the neoplasms has been observed. In one of the cases, swelling of the parotid lymph node, which lasted for one month, was encountered, whilst another case presented with orbital infection that responded to treatment. During the follow-up period, it was observed that, the therapeutic procedures succeeded in all 15 cases, and decreased milk yields and weight loss improved to a large extent. In conclusion, local tumour extirpation and total extirpation of the eye performed for the treatment of various neoplasms that occur in ocular and periocular tissues are readily applicable and inexpensive methods with low complication risk. Furthermore, these methods are considered feasible as they maintain the economic life of animals and minimize economic losses through the relief of chronic pain.
Biricik H.S., M. Cabalar, M.Y. Gulbahar: Oral Papillomatosis in a Dog and its Therapy with Taurolidine. Acta Vet. Brno 2008, 77: 373-375.The efficacy of taurolidine on the treatment of oral papillomatosis in a 1-year-old Turkish Kangal dog was evaluated. Diagnosis of the papillomatosis was based on clinical signs, histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations. The dog received 45 mg/kg taurolidine intravenously every 3 days. Regression of papillomas started to be observed after the beginning of treatment, and complete resolution occurred after the fifth application. Papillomatosis, taurolidine, dogOral papillomatosis is seen more commonly in young dogs, and warts usually begin on the lips and may spread to the buccal mucosa, tongue, palate, and pharynx. It is characterized by multiple papillomas in the oral cavity. The lesions occasionally become extensive, requiring veterinary attention (Bredal et al. 1996;Fenner et al. 1993). Furthermore, with the increasing number of papillomas, food consumption may become a problem.Taurolidine is a novel antimicrobial agent for local or parenteral use. It has a unique spectrum of antimicrobial activity, including gram negative and positive bacteria and fungi (Blenkharn 1988). It has been used extensively for its antimicrobial and antiendotoxemic properties, particularly in peritonitis (McCourt et al. 2000). Taurolidine also appears to possess immunoregulatory properties, reducing tumour growth and spread (Nici et al. 2004).Experimental studies proved that the systemic administration of taurolidine solution is well tolerated (Johnston et al. 1993;Torres-Viera et al. 2000). According to veterinary literature, no research was conducted to establish whether systemic administration of taurolidine influences oral papillomatosis. We hypothesized that taurolidine may have an effect on oral papillomatosis. Our aim was to examine the therapeutic effectiveness of taurolidine against canine oral papillomatosis. Materials and MethodsA 1-year-old Turkish Kangal dog was presented with severe papillomatous growths protruding from the oral mucous membranes (Plate X, Fig. 1). Wart-like growths were seen as reminiscent of a cauliflower in or around the mouth, buccal mucosa, tongue and gingiva. The dog had such a large number of papillomas that consuming food became a problem.A tentative diagnosis of canine oral papillomavirus (PV) infection was made on the gross appearance of the numerous lesions. Two warts from the oral mucosa were removed surgically for further diagnostic investigations. The diagnosis was established by histological examination in association with immunohistochemical analysis.Wart specimens were fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin solution, and then embedded in paraffin following the routine processing. Five-µm-thick sections obtained from the paraffin blocks were stained with haematoxylineosin. For immunohistochemistry, sections were prepared using a commercial avidin-biotin peroxidase complex (ABPC) kit (Zymed Laboratories, Inc., CA). Firstly, deparaffi...
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