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AbstractPeripheral nerve hyperexcitability (PNH) syndromes can be subclassified as primary and secondary. The main primary PNH syndromes are neuromyotonia, cramp-fasciculation syndrome (CFS), and Morvan’s syndrome, which cause widespread symptoms and signs without the association of an evident peripheral nerve disease. Their major symptoms are muscle twitching and stiffness, which differ only in severity between neuromyotonia and CFS. Cramps, pseudomyotonia, hyperhidrosis, and some other autonomic abnormalities, as well as mild positive sensory phenomena, can be seen in several patients. Symptoms reflecting the involvement of the central nervous system occur in Morvan’s syndrome. Secondary PNH syndromes are generally seen in patients with focal or diffuse diseases affecting the peripheral nervous system. The PNH-related symptoms and signs are generally found incidentally during clinical or electrodiagnostic examinations. The electrophysiological findings that are very useful in the diagnosis of PNH are myokymic and neuromyotonic discharges in needle electromyography along with some additional indicators of increased nerve fiber excitability. Based on clinicopathological and etiological associations, PNH syndromes can also be classified as immune mediated, genetic, and those caused by other miscellaneous factors. There has been an increasing awareness on the role of voltage-gated potassium channel complex autoimmunity in primary PNH pathogenesis. Then again, a long list of toxic compounds and genetic factors has also been implicated in development of PNH. The management of primary PNH syndromes comprises symptomatic treatment with anticonvulsant drugs, immune modulation if necessary, and treatment of possible associated dysimmune and/or malignant conditions.

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New-onset migraine attacks occur in 15% of patients after transcatheter atrial septal closure. In these patients, migraine attacks start during the initial days or weeks. Antithrombotic treatment with aspirin is used for 6 months after closure. Early observational cross-sectional studies demonstrated that addition of clopidogrel to aspirin was associated with less frequent and milder migraine attacks.The Clopidogrel for the Prevention of New-onset Migraine Headache Following Transchateter Closure of Atrial Septal Defects study by Rodés-Cabau et al.(1) was performed in 6 Canadian centers and included patients with atrial septal defect (ASD) aged 18 years and above who had a clinical indication for closure. Patients who had previous migraine, allergy or intolerance to antithrombotic drugs who needed anticoagulation, were pregnant or breastfeeding, or had a previous unsuccessful ASD closure procedure were excluded. Some patients only took aspirin 80 mg/day and the others took aspirin 80 mg/day and clopidogrel 75 mg/day. This treatment protocol was initiated one day before the ASD closure procedure and continued for 3 months. The patients did not receive a clopidogrel loading dose at the beginning. The patients kept a headache diary. The Migraine Disability Assessment Questionnaire was used to assess severity of headache. All migraine questionnaires and headache diaries were evaluated by two neurologists. The primary end point in this study was determined as the number of new-onset migraine attacks within 3 months of the ASD closure procedure. Secondary endpoints were the incidence of new-onset migraine attacks, the number of migraine attacks in the 1 st and 3 rd months, severity of migraine attacks, and time to the first migraine attack. The study included 291 patients who were treated between 2008-2014; 71 patients were excluded because they had a previous history of migraine. A total of 171 patients formed the study groups. Among them, 87 patients took aspirin plus placebo (the placebo group) and 84 patients took aspirin plus clopidogrel (the clopidogrel group). The results of the study showed that the mean monthly migraine number was lower in the clopidogrel group.In summary, dual antiplatelet treatment for the initial three months after transcatheter ASD closure significantly decreased the number of new-onset migraine attacks and the probability of their occurrence. Moderate to severe migraine attacks were not seen in patients who were taking the dual treatment; however, one third of patients who only took aspirin had severe and disabling migraine attacks. Future research is needed to determine whether a longer duration of treatment is necessary. In another study, Spencer et al.(2) showed significant benefits of clopidogrel that was given before transcatheter closure on migraine in patients with patent foramen ovale who also had migraine. The benefits of specific antithrombotic treatments such as clopidogrel on decreasing occurrence of migraine attacks supports the idea that platelet and coagulation cascades ar...