Numerous mysteries of cell and molecular biology have been resolved through extensive research into intracellular processes, which has also resulted in the development of innovative technologies for the treatment of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Some of the deadliest diseases, accounting for a staggering number of deaths, have been caused by viruses. Conventional antiviral therapies have been unable to achieve a feat in combating viral infections. As a result, the healthcare system has come under tremendous pressure globally. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover and develop newer therapeutic approaches against viruses. One such innovative approach that has recently garnered attention in the research world and can be exploited for developing antiviral therapeutic strategies is the PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTAC) technology, in which heterobifunctional compounds are employed for the selective degradation of target proteins by the intracellular protein degradation machinery. This review covers the most recent advancements in PROTAC technology, its diversity and mode of action, and how it can be applied to open up new possibilities for creating cutting-edge antiviral treatments and vaccines.

Colorectal cancer is a sporadic, hereditary, or familial based disease in its origin, caused due to diverse set of mutations in large intestinal epithelial cells. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common and deadly disease that accounts for the 4th worldwide highly variable malignancy. For the early detection of CRC, the most common predictive biomarker found endogenously are KRAS and ctDNA/cfDNA along with SEPT9 methylated DNA. Early detection and screening for CRC are necessary and multiple methods can be employed to screen and perform early diagnosis of CRC. Colonoscopy, an invasive method is most prevalent for diagnosing CRC or confirming the positive result as compared to other screening methods whereas several non-invasive techniques such as molecular analysis of breath, urine, blood, and stool can also be performed for early detection. Interestingly, widely used medicines known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to reduce pain and inflammation have reported chemopreventive impact on gastrointestinal malignancies, especially CRC in several epidemiological and preclinical types of research. NSAID acts by inhibiting two cyclooxygenase enzymes, thereby preventing the synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs) and causing NSAID-induced apoptosis and growth inhibition in CRC cells. This review paper majorly focuses on the diversity of natural and synthetic biomarkers and various techniques for the early detection of CRC. An approach toward current advancement in CRC detection techniques and the role of NSAIDs in CRC chemoprevention has been explored systematically. Several prominent governing mechanisms of the anti-cancer effects of NSAIDs and their synergistic effect with statins for an effective chemopreventive measure have also been discussed in this review paper.

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INTRODUCTION Brucellosis, a worldwide spreading zoonotic disease, is caused by the Gram-negative bacteria known as Brucella. Humans acquire infection through direct contact with blood, urine, the placenta of animals, inhalation of dust or aerosol in infected animal farms, and raw milk and meat intake. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of brucellosis in dairy farmers in and around the Aligarh region of North India, to document various clinical signs and symptoms in Brucella-positive individuals, and to create awareness in dairy farmers aware about brucellosis and ways to prevent it. METHODS This was an observational study that comprised 125 dairy farmers in and around the Aligarh Region. Serum Samples were taken from this high-risk group after taking informed consent. Also, a pre-designed proforma was used to collect information about their knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) about brucellosis and assess the risk factors of the disease. Rose Bengal Test (RBT), Serum Agglutination Test (SAT), and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) were done to detect the seroprevalence of brucellosis. RESULT Brucella infection was diagnosed in 65 (52%) cases by Indirect ELISA (IgM+ IgG), 41 (32.8%) by RBT, and 4 (3.2%) by SAT. Significant clustering of patients was seen in the 20-55 years age group. The most common symptom in ELISA IgM-positive patients was joint pain prevalent (16.07%), Fatigue (14.28%), Anorexia (12.50%), weight loss (8.92%), Malaise (5.35%), Undulant fever (3.57%), Night sweats (3.57%) and headache (1.78%). The findings of this study indicate that ELISA (IgM + IgG) exhibits great sensitivity as compared to SAT and RBT. KAP was very poor among dairy farmers. CONCLUSION In India, Brucella is a frequent but severely underreported illness. ELISA is the most sensitive serological test for diagnosing Brucellosis. No potential vaccine has yet been introduced for humans against Brucellosis. Thus, it is necessary to impart awareness and sensitize the high-risk groups about Brucellosis.