Background: Bad obstetric history [BOH] is associated with microbiological infections and abnormal immunological responses.Study design: Descriptive Case Control Study.Aim: to determine the association of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-17 (IL-17) and angiopoietin with infectivity inn female within Bad obstetric history, in Kirkuk city, Iraq.Materials and method: The study included 547 Bad obstetric histories within Bad obstetric history and 291 female with normal pregnancy outcome. The test performed to detect IL-6, IL-17 and angiopoietin in 60 women with BOH, of them 20 were pregnant and 20 were non-pregnant at time of enrolment in the study. In addition, 20 female with inevitable abortion be included in the study. Also thee study included 28 women with normal pregnancy as control and 14 of them were pregnant and 14 were non-pregnant. Serological study carried out to determine IL-6, IL-17 and Angiopoietin using ELISA kits.Results: IL-17 significantly lower in parvovirus 19 acute infection. Angiopoietin was significantly lower in Toxoplasma gondii infected women, while IL-6 was significantly higher in acute rubella infection as compared to non-infected. Angiopoietin was significantly higher in women with positive TPO autoantibodies. Smoking, animal exposure and low haemoglobin (<11) were associated with decrease in IL-6, while IL-17 was significantly higher in women with history of animal exposure.Conclusion: IL-6, IL-17 and angiopoietin may be influenced by infections in women with BOH, however, this need to be evaluated in a large scale study.
In this study, we examined 25 actinomycete strains isolated from soil samples collected from different agricultural locations in Baghdad City, Iraq. These isolates were tentatively identified on the basis of their chalky, leathery, waxy, and mucoid colonies. Identifications were confirmed using slide culture techniques and observing the substrate and aerial mycelia and the arrangement of spore chains. Ten of the isolates were established to have antimicrobial-producing activity. To further confirm these isolates as actinomycetes, we performed molecular analyses using 16S rDNA, for which we obtained a characteristic single band of approximately 1500 bp. A selected isolate was studied for its antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and we also examined the influence of factors such as carbohydrate sources (glucose, maltose, sucrose, lactose, and starch), and different concentrations of (NH4)2SO4 as a nitrogen source, on antimicrobial production.
Background: Maternal infection can lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes, which are initially in apparent or asymptomatic and thus difficult to diagnose on clinical grounds. Basic epidemiological data concerning Toxoplasma. gondii, rubella, cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), Parvovirus and human papilloma virus (HPV) is necessary for health planners and care providers. The present study updates and extends the earlier studies performed for other areas in Iraq regarding TORCH agents with parvovirus and HPV.Aim: The aim of the present study is to provide a picture about frequency, distribution, risk and determinants of the seroprevalence of TORCH, HPV and Parvovirus B19 complex infections during pregnancy and their association with adverse pregnancy outcome.Methodology:Settings: Kirkuk General Hospital, Primary Health Care Centers in Kirkuk Governorate..Study Design: Descriptive Case Control Study.Study Population: The study population is women with childbearing age and was recruited from Kirkuk General Hospital. A 838 woman with age range from 14 to 48 were included in the study. Of the total, 547 women were with bad obstetric history (BOH) and 291 women with normal previous pregnancy as control group. all the serum samples collected from the study and control groups were tested for T. gondii , rubella, CMV, HSV-2, parvovirus B 19 IgM and IgG , HPV 16 IgG, HPV 18 IgG, IL-6, IL-17, Angiopoietin 1, anti-phospholipids, anti-cardiolipin, antinuclear antibody, anti-DNA, HBs Ag, HIV, TPO and TG antibodies and TSH by commercially- available ELISA kits.Results: The overall seroprevalence rate of T. gondii IgG was 24.7%, with no significant difference between women with BOH (23%) and women with normal pregnancy (27.8%). However, there was significant difference between pregnant (18.3%) and non-pregnant (31.5%) women. Out of the 838 women, 662(74.7 %) and 21 (2.5%) were rubella IgG and IgM positive respectively. Women age, occupation, education and family size were significantly associated with serpositive Rubella IgG. Women with BOH were with high Rubella IgG seropositivity than that in women with normal pregnancy. Current infection was higher in women with normal pregnancy outcomes as compared to that with BOH. CMV IgM seroprevalence was higher in women with BOH. CMV IgG seroprevalence was with no significant difference between BOH and control. CMV IgG seroprevalence significantly influenced by age, education, smoking, and family size. However, CMV IgM seroprevalence significantly associated with pregnancy, residence, and animal exposure. The Odd ratio confirmed the association between CMV IgG and age, crowding index, residence, smoking and number of abortion in women with BOH.The overall HSV 2 seroprevalence was 29.9%, with a non significant difference between women with BOH and women with normal pregnancy. HSV 2 IgM, as an indicator of current infection was demonstrated in 2% of the studied population, and was significantly (P=0.002) higher in women with BOH compared to women with normal pregnancy. Both HSV 2 IgG and IgM were significantly varied with age groups, with trends of increasing with older ages.Co-infection had a high rate (77.8%) in our studied population. Ten patterns of co-infections were recognized, but the predominant one was rubella and CMV (42.5%). There was a significant frequency difference in seroprevalence of (T.gondii plus CMV, p=0.038), (T. gondi + rubella + CMV, p=0.001) and (Toxoplasma + HSV-2 + CMV, p=0.015) between women with BOH and control group. Parvovirus co-infections were significantly (p=0.000) different between BOH, inevitable abortion and control groups.The overall HPV seroprevalence in our study population was 3.4% for both HPV 16 and HPV 18. In women with BOH seroprevalence was 7.5% and 2.5% for HPV 16 and HPV 18 respectively. While in control (normal pregnancy) none of the tested sera show a positive result. In women with inevitable abortion, HPV 18 detected in 10% of the tested samples. HPV 16 was with higher seroprevalence in non-pregnant (5.9%) as compared to pregnant (2.9%) women, however, not reach a significant level.Testing of sera collected from women with BOH and those with normal pregnancy (control) not indicated any positivity for antiphospholipid IgM, antiphospholipid IgG, Anticardiolipin IgM, anticardiolipin IgG, anti- DNA, and ANA. However, testing of 88 women (40 BOH, 20 inevitable abortion, 28 normal pregnancy) indicated that thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPA) positivity was significantly more frequently detected in women with inevitable abortion (95%) and women with BOH (85%) as compared to those with normal pregnancy outcome (50%).The present study indicated that Thyroglobulin antibodies (TGA) positivity was significantly more frequently detected in women with inevitable abortion (45%) and women with BOH (50%) as compared to those with normal pregnancy outcome (7.1%). The mean value of TSH was significantly varied among women with BOH, inevitable abortion and control. Interleukin 6 mean value was without significant (F=2.39, P>0.05) difference among women with BOH (20.79 pg/ml), women with inevitable abortion (25.11 pg/ml) and control (26.15 pg/ml). IL-6 mean value was significantly (X2=2.49, P=0.018) lower in pregnant women with BOH (20.83 pg/ml) as compared to pregnant control (26.76 pg/ml). Interleukin 17 (IL-17) mean value was with significant (F=3.26, P=0.0439) difference among women with BOH (127.81 pg/ml), women with inevitable abortion (88.67 pg/ml) and control (85.65 pg/ml), IL-17 mean value was significantly (X2=20.43, P<0.0001) higher in pregnant women with BOH (167.56 pg/ml) as compared to pregnant control (83.16 pg/ml). Angiopoietin mean value was with significant (F=4.99, P=0.0089) difference among women with BOH (81.72 pg/ml), women with inevitable abortion (92.66 pg/ml) and control (100.1 pg/ml).Angiopoietin mean value was significantly (X2=2.464, P=0.0393) lower in women with BOH (80.06 pg/ml) as compared to pregnant control (98.69 pg/ml).Conclusion: The seropositivity of Toxoplasma was not significantly different in women with BOH as compared to control and significantly influenced by residence. This study provides important and highly useful information on baseline seroprevalence data on rubella in Iraq. A 19.1% of our women study population were none rubella immune and were susceptible for rubella infection. In addition, rubella seroprevalence associated with BOH. CMV seroprevalence was high in women with BOH as compared to women with normal pregnancy outcome. Education, family size, smoking were significantly associated with CMV seropositivity. The present study indicated a significant association between HSV 2 IgG and IgM and bad obstetric history. CMV, Parvovirus, Rubella, HV-2 and Toxoplasma coinfections was a risk factor that increased development of BOH. CMV may play an important role as primary infection that leads to immunosuppression and enhancement of secondary pathogen infection
Raw milk is a nutrient-rich food that is considered a high-quality nutritional medium for many microorganism, including Escherichia coli. The aim of the present work was the diagnosis, by molecular methods, of Shiga toxins produced by E. coli strains isolated from cow milk samples collected from different farms in Al-Mahmmodia, Al yoosifya, Al lattiffya, Al howasha, and Arab Jboor in the government of Baghdad during the summer season. Milk samples were incubated in media for bacterial isolation. Isolates were identified using Gram staining and biochemical tests. Out of 50 samples, 15 (30%) showed the presence of E. coli. To confirm the identity of the isolates, their 16S rRNA genes were amplified using specific primers. The results showed that all isolates were E. coli. Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) were detected among the samples. The prevalence of stx1 genes was higher than that of stx2 among them. No STECs were found among six of the sample isolates, and none of these isolates was positive for stx1 and stx2. SDS-PAGE was used to determine the molecular weight of the toxin, and four selected E. coli bacteria producing Shiga-like toxins showed a clear band of approximately 70 kDa.
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