Cellulose-based advanced materials, such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), have high potential application for drug delivery system. In this study, the CNC were produced from bamboo shoots using acid hydrolysis process. The delignification of bamboo shoots was conducted using alkali and hydrogen peroxide pretreatment processes. The operating condition of the production of CNC from bamboo shoots was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on the yield and crystals recovery as the responses. The optimum CNC yield of 50.67 ± 0.74% with a crystals recovery of 77.99 ± 1.14% was obtained at the sulfuric acid concentration of 54.73 wt% and a temperature of 39 °C from the optimization based on the yield. This optimization has been validated to confirm the accuracy.
Because of their hydrophilic tendencies, the modification of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is needed for applying them as a hydrophobic drug carrier. Previous studies have investigated several modification agents, such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. Natural surfactants, such as rarasaponins (RSs), are suitable to avoid human health and environmental issues. In this work, RSs were attached onto CNCs from bamboo shoots to enhance their hydrophobicity. The initial RS concentration and the operating temperature were studied to obtain the best conditions for the modification process, which had significances ( p -value < 5%) toward the amount of RSs linked on the CNCs ( q ) as the response. A q as high as 203.81 ± 0.98 mg/g was obtained at an initial RS concentration of 2000 mg/L and an operating temperature of 30 °C. The curcumin uptake on CNCs-RSs reached 12.40 ± 0.24%, while it was slowly released until approximately 78% in 3 days.
Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) oil is one of the promising raw materials because of its high oil content. Previous researches were limited to its characterization and conversion into biodiesel. In this work, triacylglycerols (TAG) was separated from the crude oil via batchwise solvent extraction. By using a mixture of petroleum ether−methanol (methanol 25%) and a solvent-to-oil mass ratio of 5, high recovery and purity of TAG were obtained. It was found that free fatty acids (FFA) content was decreased from 8.51 to 2.16% and 0.35% after one-and eight-stage extraction, respectively. Moreover, TAG content increased significantly from 78.30 to 91.46% and 98.53% after one-and eight-stage extraction, respectively. It was shown that the proposed method can replace degumming, neutralization, and bleaching steps in chemical refining process. Although the proposed method requires a large amount of organic solvents that are flammable and environmentally unfriendly, the solvents can be recovered easily.
Undang-Undang Nomor 33 Tahun 2014 tentang Jaminan Produk Halal (UU JPH) telah disahkan dan resmi berlaku per tanggal 17 Oktober 2019. Dalam UU JPH tersebut sifat sertifikasi halal yang semula bersifat voluntary (sukarela) bagi pelaku usaha, telah berubah menjadi mandatory (wajib). Pelaku Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) juga termasuk dalam ruang lingkup kebijakan jaminan produk halal tersebut. Kota Surabaya memiliki pertumbuhan UMKM yang terus bertumbuh setiap tahunnya. Kebijakan mandatory sertifikasi halal tersebut memiliki problematika tersendiri bagi UMKM di Surabaya yakni (1) Pemahaman tentang regulasi dan syarat pendaftaran sertifikasi halal yang masih minim, (2) Pengetahuan dasar terkait pentingnya memenuhi persyaratan Sistem Jaminan Halal (SJH) agar produk dinyatakan halal dirasa masih kurang, dan (3) Pembiayaan sertifikasi halal yang masih memberatkan. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut, Pengabdian Masyarakat ini merumuskan solusi dengan beberapa tahap melalui pelatihan, pembinaan, pendampingan, dan fasilitasi sertifikat halal. Berdasarkan capaian indikator kesiapan mitra dalam pendaftaran sertifikasi halal dan hasil diskusi dengan tim internal, maka terdapat 11 UMKM yang diberikan rekomendasi dan fasilitasi pendaftaran sertifikasi halal gratis. Adapun 10 UMKM lainnya belum dapat direkomendasikan karena terkait dengan belum dimilikinya ijin edar yang juga menjadi salah satu persyaratan dalam pengajuan pendaftaran sertifikasi halal.
Cassava leaves are a good source of protein. However, their use is limited because of the presence of cyanogenic glucosides. These require a further detoxification process in order to reduce the cyanide to a safe level prior to human consumption. The main objectives of this work are: (i) to demonstrate the effectiveness of solid-state fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the cyanide content degradation of cassava leaves; and (ii) to optimize the independent variables for the minimum cyanide content level of cassava leaves by the application of response surface methodology (RSM). The various process parameters investigated for these purposes were sucrose concentration, urea concentration, moisture content, and fermentation time. The degradation of cyanide content was described by the quadratic model, which resulted in an excellent fit of the experimental data (p < 0.01). The statistical tests show that linear terms for sucrose concentration, urea concentration, moisture content and fermentation time had a significant effect on cyanide content (p < 0.01). Moreover, the interaction coefficients between sucrose concentration and fermentation time; urea concentration and moisture content; and nitrogen concentration and fermentation time were significant model terms (p < 0.05). A minimum cyanide content of 0.81 ppm was obtained at 1% (w/w) sucrose concentration, 0.5% (w/w) urea concentration, 60% (v/w) moisture content and with a fermentation time of 78 hours. The optimal level made a significant reduction in cyanide content of 97.96%, which is lower than the toxicity level suggested by the World Health Organization of 10 ppm.
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