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Contrast medium injection had significant and time-dependent effects on ADC values. Therefore, only pre-contrast and late DW images should be used in quantitative ADC studies.

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Provocative exercises increase sensitivity and specificity and contribute to the sonographic diagnosis of dynamic CTS. This examination should be performed if electrodiagnostic test results are negative.

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We investigated the incidence and co-existence of hearing impairment and renal abnormalities in healthy children with preauricular tags and pits. Study population consists of 13,740 primary school children from routine health check. Thirty-five children with preauricular tags and pits were noted. Control group consisted of 91 patients without pits and tags, who underwent renal ultrasound and were scheduled to pediatric outpatient clinic. Urinalysis, renal ultrasound, otoacoustic emission were performed in both the groups. The prevalence of renal abnormality (1/36; 2.7%) and hearing impairment (1/36; 2.7%) in patients with preauricular tags and pits was similar to that of control group (3/91; 3.2% and 4/91; 4.3%) (P = 0.87, P = 0.64, respectively). According to our results, it is not necessary to investigate hearing or urinary abnormality in patients with preauricular tag or pit, unless there is an association of a syndrome or family history of hearing or renal impairment.

NEURORADIOLOGYORIGINAL ARTICLE PURPOSE We aimed to test the effect of prescan training and orientation in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to investigate whether fMRI compliance was modified by state anxiety. METHODSSubjects included 77 males aged 6-12 years; there were 53 patients in the ADHD group and 24 participants in the healthy control group. Exclusion criteria included neurological and/or psychiatric comorbidities (other than ADHD), the use of psychoactive drugs, and an intelligence quotient outside the normal range. Children were individually subjected to prescan orientation and training. Data were acquired using a 1.5 Tesla scanner and an 8-channel head coil. Functional scans were performed using a standard neurocognitive task. RESULTSThe neurocognitive task led to reliable fMRI maps. Compliance was not significantly different between ADHD and control groups based on success, failure, and repetition rates of fMRI. Compliance of ADHD patients with extreme levels of anxiety was also not significantly different. CONCLUSIONThe fMRI compliance of ADHD children is typically lower than that of healthy children. However, compliance can be increased to the level of age-matched healthy control children by addressing concerns about the technical and procedural aspects of fMRI, providing orientation programs, and performing on-task training. In patients thus trained, compliance does not change with the level of state anxiety suggesting that the anxiety hypothesis of fMRI compliance is not supported. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which uses blood oxygen level-dependent contrast, is a noninvasive procedure for imaging regional brain activity. MRI exhibits high spatial resolution; even 1.5 Tesla (T) imaging used in standard clinical practice (spatial resolution of 2-4 mm) yields robust functional signal changes (1). MRI can be performed without the ethical concerns associated with the other available imaging techniques and can thus be used in children and in healthy populations. In healthy volunteers, fMRI has produced reproducible findings across scanning sites and age groups with respect to the localization and development of cognitive processes (2). Its capacity for noninvasive imaging of the brain in vivo during cognitive processing has made fMRI an exciting tool for laboratory research, as well as clinical studies and clinical practices that involve diagnosis, follow-up, and presurgical mapping (3, 4).A disorder that attracts a great deal of attention in children is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This focused attention is partly due to the high incidence (0.2%-12.2%) of ADHD, which is also the most frequent diagnosis in children referred to child psychiatry departments (5-7). From the neuropsychological point of view, ADHD is associated with deficits in executive functions (8,9). Nevertheless, as the number of theories on the subject demonstrates, ADHD remains an unresolved issue, especially with res...