In multivariate Cox regression analysis, allergy (P < 0.05; relative risk, 4.6) and previous polypectomy (P < 0.05; relative risk, 9.9) were found to be predictors of poor prognosis in the long-term follow-up.

Objectives/Hypothesis: The aim of this study is to determine the role of free radicals and antioxidants in nasal polyps. Study Design: Prospective, randomized, controlled study. Methods: Thirty-one patients with nasal polyposis and a control group consisting of 19 patients with septal deviation and lower turbinate hypertrophy were included in the study. Levels of the antioxidants retinol, ␤-carotene, ␣-tocopherol, and ascorbic acid were measured from the sera of the patients with nasal polyposis and the control group. Plasma levels of superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPX) activity, and reduced glutathione (GSH) were also obtained. As a peroxidation product, the levels of the malondialdehydethiobarbituric acid (MDA) combination were measured from the plasma of patient and control groups. Measurements of MDA, GSH, and ␣-tocopherol levels were also taken from the polyp tissue and turbinate mucosa of the control group. Results: The blood levels of antioxidants and MDA as an oxidant were significantly different in the patient group compared with the control group (P < .01). The tissue levels of antioxidants and MDA were significantly different in the patients with polyposis compared with the control group (P < .01). The blood and tissue antioxidant levels were found to be decreased, and MDA levels as an oxidant increased significantly in the patient group with polyposis when compared with the control group, and there was a negative correlation between oxidative stress and antioxidants. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that oxidative stress and tissue and blood antioxidants in the patients with polyposis were significantly different compared with the control group. The blood and tissue antioxidant levels decreased, and MDA levels, as an oxidant, increased significantly in the patient group with polyposis when compared with the control group. The current study demonstrates that there is strong evidence related to oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis, and antioxidants can have a preventive role in free-radicalmediated tissue damage in nasal polyposis.

In pediatric patients, adenoid surface biofilm formation may be associated with COME etiopathogenesis.

The use of topical CE is safe when performing endoscopic endonasal procedures. CE was not associated with any intraoperative complications. The profound intraoperative vasoconstriction does not confer a higher rate of postoperative rebound epistaxis.