A field study was conducted on the experimental farm of ministry of agriculture, located at Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie, to investigate the effects of saline water irrigation through three irrigation intervals on yield of tomato crop and soil properties. The land was prepared and divided into 12 treatments, each of 48 square meters on the first of April. Tomato seedlings were planted on 25 April 2010; the seedlings were irrigated with fresh water for a period of 10 days after planting. Three levels of saline water irrigation (3, 5, 7 dS/m) plus fresh water as control were applied during the growing season. The four irrigation water treatments were applied through three irrigation intervals (every day, every second day and every three days). Gravimetric soil moisture content and soil electrical conductivity were monitored every two weeks during the growing period. Yield measurements were taken for total fruit yield, marketable yield as a percent of total yield, and average fruit weight of each treatment. Results of this study indicated that, plant treatments irrigated with saline water gave the highest yield for treatments irrigated every day compared to the treatments irrigated every second day and every three days. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in yield reduction between every second day and every three days irrigation intervals under 5 and 7 dS/m saline irrigation levels, while there was no significant difference between irrigation intervals under 3 dS/m salinity level.
Olive Leaf Spot (OLS) is found in many parts of the world and cause readuced growth and yield in olive trees. In this study, investigations were carried out to measure the incidence (% infected leaves) and severity (number of lesions/leaf) of OLS in olive growing regions in Palestine, including the regions of Hebron,
Powdery mildew, caused by the obligate biotrophic ascomycete Erysiphe necator, is one of the most destructive grapevine diseases worldwide. Cultivars of Vitis vinifera L, for wine and table grape production, are all susceptible to E. necator, whose attacks result in severe epidemics under the warm and dry conditions of the Mediterranean basin. The aim of the present study was to compare the susceptibility of different grapevine cultivars to E. necator by an in vitro assay for assessing the potentiality of this method in breeding programs for resistance to the pathogen. Leaves of 12 grapevine cultivars were spot-inoculated in vitro with about 10 conidia from five different isolates of E. necator, using colony growth and conidiation 3 wk post-inoculation as indicators of susceptibility to the disease. A remarkable difference was observed between highly susceptible cultivars like 'Baresana', 'Malvasia', 'Bianca', and 'Italia', and the less susceptible 'Alphonse Lavallée' and 'Ohanez', in accordance with their behavior in the field. No statistically significant differences were found in the virulence of E. necator isolates.
Powdery mildew, caused by <i>Erysiph necator</i>, is a common and severe fungal disease of grapevine all over the world. The disease costs millions of dollars to vine growers, due to intensive use of fungicides and yield losses. Recently in population of <i>E. necator</i> two genetic groups have been described, the two groups seem to occupy different temporal niches, with a temporal alternation that is clear-cut in vineyards intensively treated with chemical fungicides. QoI-STAR (Quinol Outside Inhibitors-Strobilurin Type of Action and Resistance) fungicides are widely used to control the disease, and generally carry a high risk of pathogen resistance development. To clarify the behaviors of the biotrophic fungus when treated with azoxystrobin as a representative of QoI-STAR, baseline sensitivity of laboratory isolates were determined. A leaf bioassay and the primers RSCBF1 and RSCBR2 designed on the highly conserved regions of <i>cytb</i> gene in fungi were used. Partial sequence of <i>E. necator cytb</i> gene were obtained. Attempts to obtain a laboratory mutant were not totally successful. The sensitivity to azoxystrobin (EC<sub>50</sub>) in isolates of genetic group B was significantly higher than in isolates of group A, to which all the isolates collected later in the season belonged. The higher sensitivity to azoxystrobin fungicides observed in group B isolates can be at the basis of their precocious disappearance in vineyards, and can have important implications for powdery mildew control strategies
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