This paper is the first account to discuss the distribution, ecology and habitats of the Lycopodiaceae in Malaysia. Lycopodiaceae are widely distributed throughout Malaysia with respect to altitudes and environmental conditions but most abundantly found in hill forest and lower montane forest, terrestrial as well as epiphytic, in shaded or semi-shaded places with relatively high humidity. Pahang in Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah in Borneo have the highest species diversity in terms of the number of species collected.
Pollens and seeds of Hypoestes and Rhinacanthus collected from different field localities in Taiz and Soqotra Island, Yemen were investigated by using light and scanning electron microscopes. Pollen grains of Hypoestes were prolate in equatorial view, lobate trigonal to lobate circular in polar view whereas those of Rhinacanthus were subspheroidal and rounded trigonal in polar view. The aperture was tricolporate and exine ornamentation was coarsely reticulate for all species in the two genera. Scanning electron microscopy and morphological observations showed that mature dry seeds of Hypoestes and Rhinacanthus have various sizes and shapes, the surface ornamentations observed were reticulate to cristate, an addition to the tuberculum and papillae. The three Hypoestes species differ in the seed structure which are useful for identification and their high structural diversity provides an important taxonomic value for species differentiation.
Problem statement: Leea species was originally placed in the family Vitaceae but was later placed in the Leeaceae due to the anatomical differences between the two families. Approach: A comparative study on the stem and leaf anatomy of Cayratia mollissima and Pterisanthes caudigera (Vitaceae) and Leea indica (Leeaceae) was conducted to investigate anatomical differences which could provide additional differentiating characters for supporting this treatment. Results: The Transeverse Sections (TS) revealed species differences with respect to the shape of the stems, the leaf margin, midrib and petiole. Druses were present in the leaves and stems of both species, while raphides were present in the lamina. Conclusion: Starch grains and trichomes were present only in Cayratia mollissima and Pterisanthes caudigera.
Morphological and anatomical evaluation on three varieties of Vitis vinifera (Trerash, Rash meri and Baidhaw) commonly known as grape vine was reported. The samples were prepared in a mixture containing 95% of alcohol and glacial acetic acid. The result revealed differences among the varieties ranging from morphological to aesthetic features of the leaf. Although, starch grains, druses and raphid crystals were present in all the varieties, the shape of the stem, petiole, midrib, lamina and margin were anatomically different as well as the presence of trichomes among the varieties. The microstructure of the leaf epidermis was investigated using light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) which confirmed the polygonal shape of the leaf epidermal cells and the anticlinal walls which were straight and arched from the surface view. The structure of the stomata apparatus was present only in the abaxial epidermis and anomocyte type. SEM was used to investigate the pollen grains tricolporat and sub prolate often known as prolate-spheroidal. The flower was bisexual having size ranging between 4 to 5 mm.
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