BackgroundBreast cancer is considered the most common cancer in women worldwide and is the leading cause of cancer mortality. Sequences similar to Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV) were detected in human breast cancer in several studies from different geographical areas. However, the role played by this virus in breast cancer tumorigenesis is not completely understood. These MMTV-like sequences were found to be associated with breast cancer of more malignant types. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of MMTV-like envelope gene (env) positivity in breast cancer and non-cancerous breast tissue from Saudi Arabia.MethodsDetection of MMTV-like env proviral sequences was done using newly designed primers for conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). One hundred nighty four samples were collected from 103 females with breast cancer in addition to 51 control breast tissue obtained from individuals without cancer. We additionally investigated the association of proviral positivity with age of the patients, grade of breast cancer and presence of lymph node metastasis. The results were confirmed by sequencing.ResultsThe prevalence of MMTV-like env proviral positivity was 8.7% (9/103). MMTV env proviral sequences were detected in 5.9% (6/101) of breast cancer tissues and 9.7% (9/93) of non-cancerous adjacent tissues obtained from the same patients. None of the 51 control sample showed positive result for the MMTV env gene. No significant association was found between detection of the virus and the age of the patient, grade of the cancer or presence of metastasis.ConclusionWe document the presence of low frequency of MMTV env provirus sequence among breast cancer patients from Saudi Arabia. Further studies are needed to explore the role of the MMTV in breast cancer.
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a benign lesion that occurs most frequently in the soft tissues and viscera. In the head and neck region, the tumor has been reported to occur in the orbit, tongue, nasopharynx, larynx, and paranasal sinuses and the central nervous system. Despite being a benign lesion, it exhibits infiltrative and destructive behaviours, making histopathological examination necessary to confirm the diagnosis. We report the case of a 38-year-old female presented with a right nasolabial fold mass, which was confirmed histologically to be an IMT. Surgical excision of the mass was achieved through a sublabial approach with an uneventful postoperative period. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of an IMT in the nasolabial fold.
In 2016, the grading criteria for Gleason scoring (GS) have been updated in the WHO classification of tumors of the prostate, and a new set of grade groups (GG) was introduced. As the inter-observer discordance is a well-known concern in Gleason grading before the update and no reproducibility study testing the grade groups exists, we planned to evaluate the inter-observer agreement of the most updated grading system. Four pathologists assessed 126 cores of prostatic carcinoma, and Kappa (k) test was calculated. The agreements for both GS and GG were substantial (k = 0.753 and 0.752; respectively). Discerning GG 2 from 3 also attained reasonable outcome (k = 0.675). Based on our results, the updated grading system seems to be reproducible, with satisfactory inter-observer concordance rate.
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