In 2016, the grading criteria for Gleason scoring (GS) have been updated in the WHO classification of tumors of the prostate, and a new set of grade groups (GG) was introduced. As the inter-observer discordance is a well-known concern in Gleason grading before the update and no reproducibility study testing the grade groups exists, we planned to evaluate the inter-observer agreement of the most updated grading system. Four pathologists assessed 126 cores of prostatic carcinoma, and Kappa (k) test was calculated. The agreements for both GS and GG were substantial (k = 0.753 and 0.752; respectively). Discerning GG 2 from 3 also attained reasonable outcome (k = 0.675). Based on our results, the updated grading system seems to be reproducible, with satisfactory inter-observer concordance rate.
This paper attempts to investigate the negative effects of the spread of COVID-19 on low-income families in Egypt.Coronavirus spread is measured by "Coronavirus cases" and "Coronavirus deaths" on a daily basis. Besides, it is measured by both "new Coronavirus cases" and "new deaths from Coronavirus", in relation to the population of Egypt. The Egyptian government is taking some measures to reduce the negative effects of COVID-19, including increasing personal exemptions by amending some provisions of the Egyptian Income Tax Law promulgated by Law No. 91 of 2005 to protect low-income families. Of the negative effects of COVID-19, it is one of the most important tax policies to achieve social justice in distributing the tax burden, according to income levels, in a manner that achieves justice and equality. We find that Personal exemptions did not succeed in achieving tax justice by easing the tax burden on the low-income people in society.
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