Study Objectives: No systematic review or meta-analysis has yet been conducted to examine the impact of the pandemic on the prevalence of sleep problems among the general population, health care workers, or patients with COVID-19. Therefore, this systematic review was conducted to assess the impact and prevalence of sleep problems among those categories. Methods:

The misinterpretation of the COVID-19 pandemic has the potential for creating devastating stress that might turn into anxiety and other psychological diseases. The social isolation, quarantine, and lockdown can increase stress responses and generate more status of uncertainty. The body of knowledge has a significant gap in relevant to practising resilient practices such as visualising a 'stress mitigation strategy' during a long-term pandemic. Based on the synthesis of the literature, a framework for compensating stress during and after pandemics is proposed. The researchers discuss the importance of such a framework as a pressure relief valve in the accumulated 'pandemic stress exposure'. The proposed framework can be used for future outbreaks once more research empirically tests it and optimise its constraints.

The children's mental, emotional, and physical wellbeing must be an utmost priority to be endorsed during the times of public health emergency that accompany fierce pandemic challenges, similar to COVID-19. This paper sheds light on the risks that children might face during lockdowns and emphasis on how parents should be a role-model for their children to cope during the time of uncertainties. Based on the synthesis of the literature, a balanced children's physical and mental wellbeing framework is proposed to foster a holistic approach towards mitigating risks and optimizing positive change, supported by parents facilitation. The authors recommend further testing of the proposed framework so that it can be generalised, while taking care of the limitations surrounded its development.

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Background This article presents the first detailed analysis of the prevalence and disability burden of Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) from 1990 to 2019 by cause, age, sex, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) in 204 countries and territories. Methods Data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study (GBD) 2019 were used. GBD 2019 modelled the prevalence of GBS using hospital and claims data. Years lived with disability (YLDs) were estimated as the product of the GBS prevalence and the disability weight. This article also reported proportions in the age-standardised prevalence rate that were due to six underlying causes of GBS. Results In 2019, there were 150,095 [95% uncertainty intervals (UI) 119,924 to 188,309] total cases of GBS worldwide, which resulted in 44,407 (95% UI 28,016 to 64,777) YLDs. Globally, there was a 6.4% (95% UI 3.6 to 9.5) increase in the age-standardised prevalence of GBS per 100,000 population between 1990 and 2019. High-income Asia Pacific [1.9 (95% UI: 1.5 to 2.4)] and East Asia [0.8 (95% UI: 0.6 to 1.0)] had the highest and lowest age-standardised prevalence rates (per 100,000), respectively, in 2019. Nationally, Japan [6.4 (95% UI: 5.3 to 7.7)] and China [0.8 (95% UI: 0.6 to 1.0)] had the highest and lowest age-standardised prevalence rates (per 100,000). The age-standardised burden of GBS increased with increasing age and was higher in males in all age groups. Furthermore, the age-standardised prevalence of GBS (per 100,000) had a positive association with the level of development, as measured by SDI, although this association was not strong. Upper respiratory infections and unknown causes accounted for the highest proportions of underlying causes. Conclusions Globally, the prevalence of GBS continues to increase. Geographical differences and strategies aimed at preventing infectious diseases should be considered in future health policy planning and decision-making processes. This study had several limitations, such as using the same disability weight for all causes and a reliance on hospital- and self-reported data, which should be addressed in future research.