In this study, we synthesised the zinc oxide nanoparticles from Vernonia amygdalina and evaluated its anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive potentials against the different inflammation and pain induced mice model. The synthesised zinc oxide nanoparticles were characterised by UV, SEM, XRD and FTIR techniques. The anti-nociceptive effects of V. amygdalina were examined by different stimuli e.g. acetic acid, glutamate, capsaicin, and formalin-induced nociception in mice. The anti-inflammatory effects of synthesised zinc oxide nanoparticles were assessed by air sack assessment and the level of inflammatory cytokines were studied. The muscle tension of animals were studied through open field assessment. The present study exhibited proficient antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory actions of the synthesised Zinc oxide nanoparticles from V. amygdalina. The sormulated zinc oxide nanoparticles were appreciably reduced the acetic acid, glutamate, capsaicin, and formalin-induced nociceptive responses in mice. Further the zinc nanoparticles were exhibited the potent anti-inflammatory actions via reducing the inflammatory response and pro-inflammatory cytokines level in the mice. In conclusion, the findings of this study proved the beneficial effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles from V. amygdalina against the different pain and inflammation-induced mice. Hence, it was clear that the zinc nanoparticles from V. amygdalina could be promising antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory agent in the future.
Objective Real-time monitoring of cytokine secretion at the single immunocyte level, based on the concept of immune cells, sociology has been recently reported. However, the relationships between glioma-initiating cells (GICs) and host immune cells and their mutual interactions in the tumor microenvironment have not been directly observed and remain unclear. Methods The dual fluorescence tracing technique was applied to label the co-cultured GICs and host macrophages (Mø), and the interactions between the two types of cells were observed using a live cell imaging system. Fusion cells in the co-culture system were monocloned and proliferated in vitro and their social interactions were observed and recorded. Results Using real-time dynamic observation of target cells, 6 types of intercellular conjunction microtubes were found to function in the transfer of intercellular information between GICs and Mo; GICs and host Mø can fuse into hybrid cells after several rounds of mutual interactions, and then these fusion cells fused with each other; Fusion cells generated offspring cells through symmetrical and asymmetrical division or underwent apoptosis. A “cell in cell” phenomenon was observed in the fusion cells, which was often followed by cell release, namely entosis. Conclusions Preliminary studies revealed the patterns of cell conjunction via microtubes between GICs and host Mø and the processes of cell fusion, division, and entosis. The results revealed malignant transformation of host Mø, induced by GICs, suggesting complex social relationships among tumor-immune cells in gliomas.
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