Thermal stress is a tremendous health predicament encountered by poultry farmers with adverse effects on the performance, product stature, health condition, survival, and overall welfare of poultry birds, and so requires urgent dietary user-friendly strategy to curb. This study was conducted with 200-day old broilers for the purpose of investigating the potential of phytogenics in refining the negative effects of heat stress on broiler chicken. Moringa, Phyllanthus and mistletoe leaves were processed as phytogenic supplements and incorporated into standard ration for broilers as treatments B1 (control), B2, B3 and B4 diet during the peak of thermal discomfort in humid tropics. Growth and carcass indices were monitored in a 49-day trial and blood samples were harvested at the end of the ordeal period to assess haematology, serum biochemical and oxidative stress markers with the use of standard procedures. The results obtained showed that the prevailing environmental condition in the study site indicated that the birds were exposed to heat stress. Birds fed on moringa and mistletoe supplements had higher performance index than birds without supplementation during heat stress condition, while birds fed on mistletoe supplement had the highest survival rate across the treatments. The liveweight, slaughter weight, dressed weight and eviscerated weight of heat stressed birds fed on moringa, phyllanthus and mistletoe supplements were significantly higher than birds on control treatment. Heterophyl/lymphocyte ratio of heat stressed birds without supplement were higher than birds on phytogenic supplements, with least values recorded in phyllanthus and mistletoe fed birds. Birds on phytogenic supplement tend to have lower cholesterol profile, lipid peroxidation and better antioxidant profile than birds on control treatment during heat stress conditions. Mistletoe supplementation in broiler ration enhances the survival rate, as well as promotes growth indices better among the phytogenic supplements. However, phytogenic supplements did ameliorate the negative effects of thermal discomfort on performance, physiological and oxidative stress in heat-stressed broiler chicken.
Fruits with antioxidant enrichment can be an economically affordable supplement for mitigating oxidative damage prone spermatozoa membrane pathologies. Computer-assisted sperm analyzer and oxidative status were utilized to evaluate the impact of watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus ) fortification of dextrose saline as diluent for rooster semen and fertility response of hens inseminated. Watermelon juice and dextrose saline were used to formulate diluent of 7 treatments consisting of unextended semen (positive control), 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and only dextrose saline (negative control) designated as Treatments 1–7. Pooled semen was obtained from fertile roosters and equilibrated with diluents at ratio 1:2 in the various treatments and were evaluated using computer software coupled microscope and seminal oxidative status assay. 168 laying hens randomly divided into 7 treatment of 8 replicates and 3 hen per replicate. Hen were everted, and semen (2 × 10 8 Spermatozoa) deposited intra-vagina and eggs collected over 8 weeks to assess fertility and hatchability of eggs laid. The result obtained revealed that watermelon-dextrose saline rooster semen diluent enhanced progressive motility, sperm kinetics and lowered non-progressive motility in T2–T6 compared to T7 over the 3 hours of evaluation. Watermelon addition to rooster semen diluent enhance the antioxidant capacity of rooster semen and lowered lipid peroxide generation. The percentage fertility was highest in T3 (81.01%) and T4 (81.24%) with lowest value obtained in T7 (73.46%). The hatchability of eggs set of hens inseminated with undiluted semen (71.46%) was lower than values for hens inseminated with watermelon inclusive extended semen (75.71%–80.39%). The optimal inclusion of 30%–40% watermelon in dextrose saline diluent enhance rooster semen kinetics, seminal oxidative stability and egg fertility.
The need to observe the changes taking place in the animal's body in response to external factors such as nutrition, housing system and microclimate as it affects intake, rumen metabolite, haematological and biochemical parameters cannot be over-emphasized. Against this background, a study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding diets containing graded levels of Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) on feed intake, rumen metabolites, haematological and biochemical characteristics of yearling Bunaji bulls. Twenty yearling Bunaji bulls with average weight of 130kg and aged 1-1.5 years were balanced for weight and allotted to five dietary treatments with four bulls per treatment in Completely Randomized Design. They were individually penned and fed diets containing graded levels of PKC at (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) and Digitaria smutsii (Wholly finger grass) hay at 4% body weight (2% concentrate and 2% hay). The feeding trial lasted for 90 days. Blood samples were collected at the beginning, middle and end of the feeding trial to determine some haematological and biochemical changes. Rumen fluid were collected at 0, 3, 6 and 9hrs intervals to determine the rumen pH, rumen ammonia nitrogen(RAN) and rumen total volatile fatty acids(TVFA) for the yearling bulls. The CP contents of the experimental diets varied between 14.19 and 17.75% while ME ranged from 11.79 to11.81MJ/kg DM. The crude fibre varied from 26.36-38.77%. Average feed intake ranged between 5.38-5.61Kg/day with animals on 10%, 20% and 40% PKC being statistically similar (P>0.05).Rumen parameters were significantly (P<0.05) affected by sampling time, such that at 0hrRumen pH was highest (7.08) and lowest at 3hrs post feeding(6.66),RAN value was similar at 0hr pre feeding (10.44 mg/100mL) and 3hr post feeding (9.93 mg/100mL) but differ at 6hr (8.25 mg/100ml) and 9hrs post feeding (8.34mg/100mL).There was significant difference (P< 0.05) among treatments for all the haematogical and biochemical parameters measured. Highest urea value was obtained at 0% PKC inclusion, animals on diets containing 20,30 and 40%PKC were statistically similar (P>0.05), Total protein ranged from 70.83 - 78.92 g/l and highest value was obtained at 30% PKC inclusion, animals on diets containing 10% and 20%PKC were statistically similar (P>0.05) but differ from 40%. The study concluded that up to 40% inclusion level of PKC could be added to the diets of yearling Bunaji bulls with no adverse effect on their feed intake, rumen metabolite and some of their blood parameters. La nécessité d'observer les changements qui se déroulent dans le corps de l'animal en réponse à des facteurs externes tels que la nutrition, le système de logement et le microclimat, car il affecte l'apport, le métabolite du rumen, les paramètres hématologiques et biochimiques ne peuvent pas être surestimés. Dans ce contexte, une étude a été menée pour évaluer l'effet de l'alimentation des régimes alimentaires contenant des niveaux classés de gâteau au noyau de palmier (GNP) sur l'apport alimentaire, les métabolites rumen, les caractéristiques hématologiques et biochimiques des taureaux de Bunaji d'Annulation. Vingt Bunaji Bunaji avec poids moyen de 130 kg et de 1 à 1,5 ans ont été équilibrés pour poids et alloué à cinq traitements diététiques avec quatre taureaux par traitement dans une conception complètement randomisée. Ils ont été individuellement engagés et nourris à des régimes alimentaires contenant des niveaux classés de GNP à (0, 10, 20, 30 et 40%) et digitariasmutsii (à 100% de l'herbe à doigts) à 4% de poids corporel (concentré de 2% et 2% de foin). L'essai d'alimentation a duré 90 jours. Les échantillons de sang ont été collectés au début, au milieu et à la fin de l'essai d'alimentation afin de déterminer des changements hématologiques et biochimiques. Les liquides de rumen ont été recueillis à des intervalles de 0, 3, 6 et 9hrs pour déterminer le pH de rumen, l'azote d'ammoniac rumen (AAR) et les acides gras volatils rumen (AGVV) pour les taureaux yearling. Le contenu du CP des régimes expérimentaux variait entre 14,19 et 17,75%, tandis que je suis allant de 11,79 à 11,81 MMJ / kg DM. La fibre brute variait de 26,36-38,77%. L'admission moyenne d'aliments allait entre 5,38 et 5,61 kg / jour avec des animaux sur 10%, 20% et 40% GNP étant statistiquement similaires (p> 0,05). Rumen Les paramètres étaient significativement (p <0,05) affectés par le temps d'échantillonnage, tel que à 0hr rumen Le pH était le plus élevé (7.08) et le plus bas à 3 heures d'alimentation post (6,66), la valeur de AAR était similaire à 0HR pré-alimentation (10,44 mg / 100 ml) et 3hrs post-alimentation (9,93 mg / 100 ml) mais diffèrent à 6h (8,25 mg / 100 mg). et 9 heures après l'alimentation (8h34 mg / 100 ml) était une différence significative (p <0,05) parmi les traitements pour tous les paramètres hématogiques et biochimiques mesurés. La valeur la plus élevée de l'urée a été obtenue à 0% d'inclusion de GNP, les animaux sur les régimes contenant 20,30 et 40% de GNP étaient statistiquement similaires (p> 0,05), une protéine totale allait de 70,83 - 78,92 g / l et une valeur la plus élevée a été obtenue à 30% de GNP. L'inclusion, les animaux sur les régimes contenant 10% et 20% de GNPétaient statistiquement similaires (p> 0,05) mais diffèrent de 40%. L'étude a conclu que jusqu'à 40% de niveau d'inclusion de GNP pouvait être ajouté au régime alimentaire des taureaux de la Bunaji qui n'y a pas d'effet défavorable sur leur consommation d'alimentation, le métabolite du rumen et certains de leurs paramètres de sang.
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