This study investigated the effects of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and potassium iodide (KI) treatments on the acid resistance of dentin exposed to secondary caries. Sixteen bovine dentin specimens with artificially induced caries were assigned to the following four groups: untreated negative control, untreated positive control, SDF-treated (SDF), and SDF and KI-treated (SDFKI). Multispecies cariogenic biofilms containing <i>Streptococcus mutans</i>, <i>Lactobacillus casei</i>, and <i>Candida albicans</i> were cultured on the specimens for 28 days, except for the negative control group. Specimens from the negative control group were stored in phosphate-buffered saline for that period. After a cariogenic biofilm challenge, the degree of demineralization was evaluated using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). As a result of data analysis using micro-CT, the demineralization depths of the negative control, positive control, SDF, and SDFKI groups were 149.0 ± 7 μm, 392.0 ± 11 μm, 206.0 ± 20 μm, and 230.0 ± 31 μm, respectively. The degree of demineralization was significantly reduced in the SDF and SDFKI groups compared with that in the untreated positive control group. There were no significant differences between the SDF and SDFKI groups. This study confirmed that SDF and SDFKI treatments increase the acid resistance of dentin to secondary caries. KI did not significantly affect the cariesarresting effect of the SDF.
This study compared the surface roughness and microbial adhesion characteristics of Omnichroma, a novel composite resin developed using “smart chromatic technology”, with those of two other conventional composite resins with different filler compositions. A total of 144 specimens were fabricated using 3 types of composite resins: Omnichroma (nano-spherical), Filtek Z350XT (nanofill), and Tetric N-Ceram (nanohybrid) and, divided into 3 groups of 48. Finishing was performed using tungsten carbide burs. Specimens were then divided into 3 subgroups using different polishing methods: Control, SofLex, and PoGo. Surface roughness was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively using an atomic force microscope and a scanning electron microscope. Microbial adhesion was assessed by culturing <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> on the specimens for 24 hours and then measuring colony-forming units attached to the upper surface. The surface roughness (Ra) of Omnichroma was 0.123 μm after finishing, and it exhibited a smooth surface compared to the other resins. However, after polishing, there were no significant differences in the surface roughness between the three composite groups, regardless of the polishing methods. The surfaces of the Control subgroups were significantly rougher than those of the SofLex subgroups in all 3 composite groups. However, except for Tetric N-Ceram, there were no significant differences between the Control and PoGo subgroups in the other composite groups. Microbial adhesion assessment showed no significant differences between any of the 3 composite resin subgroups; however, Omnichroma exhibited higher microbial adhesion than the other two composites. No significant correlation was observed between surface roughness and microbial adhesion.
The bacterial wilt disease caused by soil-borne bacteria of the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC) threatens important crops worldwide. Only a few immune receptors conferring resistance to this devastating disease are known so far. Individual RSSC strains deliver around 70 different type III secretion system effectors into host cells to manipulate the plant physiology and dampen immune responses. RipE1 is an effector conserved across RSSC isolated from diverse plant species and triggers immune responses in the model Solanaceae Nicotiana benthamiana. Here, we used multiplexed virus-induced gene silencing of the nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptor family to identify the genetic basis of RipE1 recognition in N. benthamiana. Specific silencing of the N. benthamiana homolog of Solanum lycopersicoides Pseudomonas tomato race 1 gene (NbPtr1) completely abolished RipE1-induced hypersensitive response and immunity to Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum. In Nb-ptr1 knock-out plants, expression of the native NbPtr1 coding sequence was sufficient to restore RipE1 recognition. In addition to the putative catalytic triad Cys-His-Asp, RipE1 association with the host cell plasma membrane was found necessary for NbPtr1-dependent recognition. Furthermore, we found that NbPtr1-dependent recognition of RipE1 natural variants is polymorphic suggesting the coevolutionary nature of this interaction. This work hence provides an additional evidence for the indirect mode of activation of NbPtr1 and supports NbPtr1 relevance for resistance to bacterial wilt disease in Solanaceae.
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