Highlights
Enhanced solid-state synthesis of BaTiO
3
by sonochemical activation in aqueous medium.
Investigations of physical and chemical effects of sonochemical activation.
Model proposal for the role of aqueous medium in solid-state synthesis.
Verification of the competitiveness of the resulting BaTiO
3
powders and ceramics.
We report excellent electrostrain properties of (1 − x)BaTiO3–xSrSnO3 (BSTS) Pb‐free electroceramics (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.15), as well as the corresponding structural, dielectric, and ferroelectric properties. A tailored phase diagram of the pseudo‐binary solid solution of BaTiO3–SrSnO3, which exhibits a nearly composition‐independent orthorhombic–tetragonal polymorphic phase boundary close to room temperature, was obtained, and, in contrast to Ba(Ti1−xSnx)O3, the appearance of the relaxor mode was accelerated in the phase transition of BSTS owing to the additional incorporation of Sr. Using these compositionally modified phase‐related characteristics, desirable sets of electrostrain properties for actuator applications were obtained. Based on these results, we propose that BSTS is a promising candidate for Pb‐free electroceramics for high‐precision actuator applications near room temperature.
We developed 12 polymorphic microsatellite markers from Arctoscopus japonicus by screening an enriched genomic library using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. The average of alleles size was 16.2, and the average observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.59 and 0.78, respectively. The observed genotypic frequencies in five loci were significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg expectations. The high variability revealed in this study suggested that these microsatellite loci should provide useful markers for population genetics of A. japonicus.
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