“…Because of its high calcination temperature (∼1200 °C), solid-state reaction can provide highly dense BaTiO 3 powders, which is desirable in terms of reliability. Furthermore, it has been reported that submicron-sized BaTiO 3 powders can be successfully prepared via the solid-state reaction through appropriate pre-treatments of the raw materials, such as high-energy ball-milling and mechanochemical [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] and sonochemical activation [33] , [34] , [35] . These pre-treatments result in downsizing and uniform mixing of the raw materials, thereby facilitating the synthesis of BaTiO 3 powders through reaction (1).…”