Jamming-style attacks can be launched easily on wireless networks because they are built upon a shared medium. These attacks can be performed by emitting radio frequency signals. These signals do not follow an underlying MAC protocol and can highly interfere with the normal operation of wireless networks. Jamming attacks represent the denial of service attack in wireless networks. In this paper, we have used OPNET Modeler to perform jamming attacks to investigate wireless network behavior. The results showed that the investigated jamming attacks can cause severe performance degradation into wireless networks and jamming attack is successfully avoided by using channel switching technique.
<span>Fifth−generation (5G) wireless networks that use the MM−W hold a great promise to revolutionize wireless industry. However, the difficulty in generating and transmitting these high‐frequency signals in the electrical−domain due to bandwidth limitation of electronic components, and high absorption loss limits current applications. Consequently, optical generation and transmission of MM−W signals are a viable option. In this paper, a comparative study is carried out on three electro−optical upconversion (EOU) techniques to generate 60−GHz MM−W signal, namely 4−tupling, 6−tupling and 8−tupling. The paper briefly describes the three techniques and analyses the optical harmonic distortion suppression ratio (OHDSR) and electrical spurious suppression ratio (ESSR) generated by each one of the techniques. OHDSR and ESSR have been compared to show the trade-off between the techniques. In addition, the paper compares the implementation of non−ideal phase shifting on OHDSR for the three EOU techniques Finally, the performance of the three EOU techniques after transmission over optical fiber is evaluated by quality factor (Q−factor) and eye pattern test. The results of the simulation illustrate well the benefits of the performed study and confirm that the 4−tupling constitutes a cost−effective technique to generate MM−W signals.</span>
Fifth−generation (5G) and millimeter−waves (MM−W) hold tremendous promise to provide opportunities torevolutionize education, healthcare, business, and agriculture.Nevertheless, the generation of MM−W in the electrical−domain is infeasible due to the bandwidth limitation of electronic componentsand radio frequency (RF) interference. The capability to generate MM−W in the optical−domain can provide transportation ofMM−W with low loss from switching center to remote base stations. The present paper is focusing on electro−opticalup−conversion (EOU) techniques for optical generation and transmission of 60−GHz MM−W signal. A comparative study iscarried out between three different EOU techniques: frequency−quadrupling, frequency sextupling and frequency−octotupling. The comparative study aims at showing the strengths and weaknesses of three EOU techniques and evaluatingeach technique in terms of electrical spurious suppression ratio (ESSR), as well as in terms of the influence of non−ideal phaseshifting. The performance of the three EOU techniques after transmission over optical fiber is evaluated by eye pattern test. Theresults of the simulation confirm that the frequency−quadrupling outperforms frequency− sextupling and frequency− octotuplingtechniques.
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