Towards 5G millimeter-wave wireless networks: a comparative study on electro-optical upconversion techniques

Abstract

<span>Fifth−generation (5G) wireless networks that use the MM−W hold a great promise to revolutionize wireless industry. However, the difficulty in generating and transmitting these high‐frequency signals in the electrical−domain due to bandwidth limitation of electronic components, and high absorption loss limits current applications. Consequently, optical generation and transmission of MM−W signals are a viable option. In this paper, a comparative study is carried out on three electro−optical upconversion (EOU) techniques to generate 60−GHz MM−W signal, namely 4−tupling, 6−tupling and 8−tupling. The paper briefly describes the three techniques and analyses the optical harmonic distortion suppression ratio (OHDSR) and electrical spurious suppression ratio (ESSR) generated by each one of the techniques. OHDSR and ESSR have been compared to show the trade-off between the techniques. In addition, the paper compares the implementation of non−ideal phase shifting on OHDSR for the three EOU techniques Finally, the performance of the three EOU techniques after transmission over optical fiber is evaluated by quality factor (Q−factor) and eye pattern test. The results of the simulation illustrate well the benefits of the performed study and confirm that the 4−tupling constitutes a cost−effective technique to generate MM−W signals.</span>

Coverage enhancements of vehicles users using mobile stations at 5G cellular networks

“…In order to evaluate the signal to noise ratio (SNR) for this system, there are very influencing factors such as, channel coefficient, quality of service (QoS), interference and noise [22], [21]. For simplicity, channel coefficient can be defined as |ℎ| 2 = 𝛫(ℓ) −𝑎 where 𝑎 is the path-loss exponent which is dependent on the environment , ℓ is the length of distance between the sender and receiver , 𝛫 is the transceivers' coefficients [22], [23] whereas, 𝛫 = 𝐺 𝑡 𝐺 𝑟 ℎ 𝑡 2 ℎ 𝑟 2 , (𝐺 𝑡 ℎ 𝑡 2 ) and (𝐺 𝑟 ℎ 𝑟 2 ) are the gains and heights of the sender and receiver antennas, respectively, whereas ℓ is the distance between the source and destination. α (typically ∈ {2 − 5 } is the path-loss exponent, which is dependent on the environment [23]- [25].…”

“…Fifth-generation wireless (5G) is the latest iteration of cellular networks. It engineered to greatly increase the speed and coverage for the usres [1], [2]. Many people prefer to use road transport such as vehicles, the metro, and trains in traveling.…”

Secure quantum key distribution system by applying decoy states protocol

“…In addition, the key secret key is very weak with current technology [13], [14]. Also, measurement device independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD), allows removing any presumption of confidence from the measuring device, which can be said that the weakest part of QKD realizations [15]- [18].…”

A novel optimal small cells deployment for next-generation cellular networks

“…SCs are miniature DeNB that divides a cell into smaller geographical area. SCs have been appeared to save the energy consumption and raise the throughput in cellular scenarios [2]. The most common form of SCs is microcells, picocells and femtocells which can be installed indoor/outdoor [3], [4].…”