Knowing the structure and variations of the plexus brachialis is important in neck and shoulder surgery. The knowledge of the brachial plexus reduces the injury rate of the nerves in surgical interventions to the axillary region. The major nerve trunks of the thoracic limb were the suprascapular, subscapular, axillary, radial, musculocutaneous, median and ulnar nerves. In Van cats, the brachial plexus was formed by the ventral branches of the spinal nerves, C6‐C7‐C8 and T1. The 7th cervical nerve was quite thick compared to the others. The subscapular nerve was the thinnest (on the right side, the average length was 6.55 ± 0.60 mm and on the left side was 6.50 ± 0.60 mm), and the radial nerve was the thickest (the average length on the right side was 28.48 ± 0.44 mm and on the left side was 29.11 ± 0.55 mm). The suprascapular nerve was formed by the ventral branch of the 6th cervical nerve. The subscapular nerves were formed by a branch originating from the 6th cervical nerve and the two medial and caudal branches originating from the 7th cervical nerve. No communicating branch between the ulnar nerve and the median nerve was observed in the palmar region. The axillary nerve was formed by the ventral branches of the 7th nerve, the musculocutaneous nerve was formed by ventral branches of the 6th and 7th cervical nerves, and the ulnar nerve was formed by ventral branches of the 8th cervical and the 1st thoracic nerves. The radial nerve was the thickest branch in the brachial plexus. In Van cats, the origin and distribution of nerves were similar to those reported in the literature for other species of cats, with the exception of the suprascapular, subscapular and axillary nerves.

Mide-barsak, tükrük bezleri, karaciğer ve pankreas araştırmalarında deney hayvanı olarak çoğunlukla ratlar kullanılmaktadır. Bu hayvanların sindirim sistemi anatomilerinin araştırma ve uygulama yapacaklar tarafından iyi bilinmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada; sindirim sistemi üzerinde çeşitli araştırmalar planlayanlar için Alkid resin metoduyla anatomik öğrenme materyali hazırlayarak, bu materyallerin taze sindirim sistemi organlarıyla tekstür ve renk açısından farklılıklarını ortaya koymak amaçlandı. Bu amaçla, kadavraların dil, karaciğer ve midelerinden faydalanıldı. Kadavralara tespit, dehidrasyon, gömme, emdirme ve sertleştirme işlemleri uygulandı. Formolle tespit edilen materyaller, 24 saat akarsuda yıkandıktan sonra dehidrasyon için alkol (%50-60-70-80-90-96 ve 100) ve aseton (%50 alkol-%50 aseton ve %100 aseton) serisinden geçirildi. Böylece materyallerin içerisindeki yağ ve su en az düzeye indirildi. Daha sonra dokudaki çökmeleri önlemek için materyaller vakum altında gliserol’e gömüldü. Buradan alınan materyaller kurutma kağıdının üzerine alınarak fazla gliserolden arındırıldı. En son olarak emdirme işlemi için Alkid resin içeren solüsyonunun içine konuldu. Bu işlemden sonra, materyaller sertleştirme işlemi için normal oda şartlarında dinlendirilip işlem sonuçlandırıldı. Materyallerin renk değerleri  (L, a, b) Lovibond RT (Lovibond RT series tintometer device. The Tintometer LTD, UK) marka renk analiz cihazı ile tekstür özellikleri ise (sertlik, elastikiyet, yapışkanlık) TA.TXP Plus Texture Analyzer (TA XT-Plus Texture Analyser Device. Stable Microsystems LTD, UK) ile belirlendi. Organların büyüklükleri bakımından barsak ve pankreasta tekstür ve renk analizleri gerçekleştirilemedi. Alkid resinle işlenmiş dil, karaciğer ve mide taze doku ile karşılaştırıldığında tekstür ve renk parametreleri bakımından çeşitli istatistiki farklılıklar bulundursa da; bu metotla hazırlanan materyallerin hem araştırma hem de anatomi uygulamalarında kullanılabileceği kanısına varıldı.

This study was conducted to get an idea about the distribution of the lymphatic fluid in conjunctiva throughout the body parts. For this purpose, Qdot655 (QD), fluorescence nanoparticles, spread onto the conjunctiva were used on Wistar albino rats. Drainage of QD particles from conjunctiva was followed up via fluorescence images at different hours on body parts such as eye, ears, forearms, hind legs and tails. The first fluorescence signals within the 30th minutes following administration of QD were observed in the nasal region and the anterior extremities. Whereas within 60th minutes following QD spread, fluorescent signals were obtained from the ears, forearms, hind legs and tail of the female and male rats.

Alkyd Resin method, patented by the Turkish Patent Institute, is a cadaver preparation and preservation technique. This study examines whether exhibition-museum materials can be produced from rat cadavers processed with alkyd resin method in different postures and whether dissection and suturing can be performed on the samples. Besides, samples prepared with alkyd resin and samples prepared freshly were compared in terms of dissection and suturing. 14 Wistar Albino Rats were used in the study. Seven were prepared with alkyd resin method and the others were freshly prepared for comparison in terms of suturing and dissection. The alkyd resin method was applied to two cadavers as a pretrial and to five cadavers for them to be museum-exhibition and educational materials. Alopecia was detected in two cadavers. In some of the exhibition samples processed with the method mentioned, shrinkage and hardening of the skin was noticed. All the samples prepared with this method became products suitable for suturing and dissection. The exhibition-museum materials prepared with the alkyd resin method have maintained their first body postures. We believe that alkyd resin method can be applied to the entire body, and the products can be used for exhibition and educational purposes. Furthermore, the method should be further popularized, and it should be applied to cadavers of different species so that its applicability increases.

IntroductionThe duck, belonging to the family Anatidae from the order Anseriformes of the class Aves, is from the genus Anas. The present study aimed to stereologically investigate the cervical spinal cord segment of ducks. In poultry, the spinal cord (SC) starts from the foramen magnum, extends to the coccygeal section at the end of the vertebral column, and does not form a cauda equina-it enters into a terminal thread. The spinal cord is thin, narrow, and long in poultry (1). The meninges of the brain-the dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater-also surround the spinal cord (2). In poultry, the spinal cord is examined in 4 parts: cervical (C), thoracic, lumbosacral, and caudal (3). In poultry, the outside area of the spinal cord is formed by white matter (WM), while its inside is formed by grey matter (GM) (2). In cross-section, the grey matter has the appearance of a capital H. The central canal is a visible canal located in the middle of the capital H (4).Stereology is a discipline that can evaluate and reveal characteristics of 2-dimensional structures in 3 dimensions (5,6). Unbiased methods using stereological techniques are preferred instead of biased methods (7). It has been stated that volume values of every kind of structure can be calculated with Cavalieri's principle by distinguishing the borders, regardless of the relationship of a tissue or biological structure with the surrounding structures (8).A literature review showed that anatomical and stereological studies have not been done on the cervical segment of the spinal cord in ducks of the genus Anas.The aim of the present study was to determine total volume, grey matter volume, and white matter volume of the cervical spinal segments in adult ducks. The obtained results are presented here as reference values for information sources in the international literature.

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Abstract Aim: In this study, we aimed to investigate the strength of the correlations of some anthropometric parameters, SYNTAX scores, and the epicardial fat tissue (EFT) in coronary artery disease (CAD) and to determine for the first time whether the upper half-chest circumference (CCuH) and the ratio of neck circumference (NC)/neck length (NL) can be the indicators in predicting the cardiovascular risk. Material and Methods: This study included 370 individuals (198 males and 172 females), who were either diagnosed with CAD (n=300) or who were the control group participants (n=70). The EFT was measured and calculated SYNTAX score. Anthropometric measurements included the height, weight, NL, NC, WC, CCuH, HC, and sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD), BMI, WHR, and NC/NL ratio. Results: The statistical differences in the NL, CCuH, HC, and SAD were observed to be non-significant between the CAD patients and the control group (Table 2). The NC (367.06±1.99)-(37.49±2.64) (p=0.04), NC/NL ratio (2.44±0.16)-(2.50±0.21) (p=0.02), WC (104.69±8.27)-(107.55±10.77) (p=0.04), LVEF (62)-(51) (p

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