<abstract>
<p>Characterization of new innovative natural seed fibers from seedpods or fruits of various plants has increased popularly in textile, automotive, and construction industries due to various aspects, availability, and biodegradability. In addition, these fibers provide sustainable solutions to support technological innovation in numerous industrial applications. The current research aims to investigate the new lignocellulose fibers extracted from <italic>Wrightia tinctoria</italic> seedpods. The obtained Wrightia tinctoria seed fibers (WTSFs) were characterized via Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared-ray (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to understand the fibers physicochemical properties. Complete experimental study of natural seed fibers of <italic>Wrightia tinctoria</italic> found to be a lignocellulose fiber and contains unique characteristics. Surface morphological studies reveal that, WTSFs contain smoother surface which is beneficial to develop a good bond with matrix while making composites. It does not get wet quickly with water due to fatty, wax, mineral matters, and higher lignin content on the fiber surface which means the fiber is soft compared with other natural seed fibers. These unique properties of WTSFs ascertain as a suitable material for polymer fabrication process, which would be favourable to develop good bonding with the matrix for making composites and also useful for insulating composite materials.</p>
</abstract>
Natural seed fiber reinforced composite materials are replacing many conventional ones because of their excellent properties, less weight, easy availability, etc. Composite materials are used in many areas because of their superior features. Mechanical property is one of the vital parameters for choosing the material. The current investigation has revealed an importance of recently well-known Wrightia tinctoria nano seed fibers (WTNSFs), which are extracted physically. Wrightia tinctoria nano seed fiber reinforced composite was prepared with the epoxy resin by hand layup method. Epoxy resin is easy to handle and available at low cost. Mechanical tests are conducted reinforced composites of plain epoxy and WTNSFs to obtain strength properties like tensile, flexural, impact. Water absorption tests also performed on composites. Here, the developed composites are easy to handle, offered economically, and used primarily in marine applications due to less water absorption and good wax content. A comprehensive description of different tests and the properties of WTNSFs are studied and compared with the other existing natural fibers. This work showed that 35% combination of WTNSFs reinforced epoxy matrix offers enhanced mechanical properties with minimum water absorption compared with plain epoxy composites.
—Horizontally curved bridges are the most feasible options at complicated interchanges or river crossings where geometric restrictions and constraint of limited site space, make difficult the adoption of standard straight superstructures. Usually these bridges are of cellular cross-section so that high torsional moment can be well resisted economically. In this paper a parametric comparison was made between straight bridge and different curved bridges and skew bridges. Then these bridges were analyzed for dead, modal and moving load cases. This was done in order to study difference in the results obtained between straight, curved and skewed bridges for dead and moving load cases. The modeling part of the both bridges was done by using SAP 2000 in which there is an option named bridge wizard by which modeling of the bridge can done in a sequential order. After analyzing for dead load case unlike straight bridge there is torsion in the curved and skew bridges along the length of the bridge as there is unsymmetrical mass distribution in curved bridge about horizontal axis. Modal analysis showed the curved and skewed bridges have more initial torsional modes but whereas for straight bridge the initial modes were transverse and longitudinal. The amplifications in torsion were large compared to other parameters for curved and skewed bridges compared to straight bridge.
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