This study is aimed at evaluating the proximate composition and functional and sensory characteristics of gari obtained from five cassava varieties (EN, AD, TMS92/0326, TMS96/1414, and IRAD4115). These cassavas were harvested during the dry season 12 months after planting (12MAP) and in the rainy season (15MAP). Results showed that the characteristics of gari varied significantly (p < 0.05) with the variety and the harvest period. Gari from EN cassava harvested at 12MAP had the highest total carbohydrates (78.07% dry weight), starch (61%), and proteins content, while gari from TMS 96/1414 variety (12MAP) had high amino acids (10.25 mg/g) and phenolic compounds (9.31 mg/g) content. The gari from IRAD4115 had the highest value of ash content (20.62 mg/g) at 12MAP. The soluble sugar content was high in the gari from cassava harvested at 12MAP while free cyanide reduced significantly in gari from cassava harvested at 12MAP. The water absorption capacity, swelling power, and bulk density were significantly (p < 0.05) high in the gari from EN cassava variety at 12MAP. Compared to commercial gari (3.30), gari from EN local cassava had the best overall acceptability (4.35) followed by those obtained from TMS92/0326 and TMS92/1414 varieties, respectively.

Abstract:The acute toxicity of essential oils from the whole fruit (EF) or from the fibres of the fruit (FF) of the local aromatic plants Xylopiα αethiopicα Dunal (Annonaceae) collected in north Cameroon was evaluated on Sitophilus zeαmαis adults. A concentration of 1 ml of essential oil per 100 g of maize seeds was tested to determine weevil mortality after 24 h of exposure. Under these conditions, the essential oil derived from both EF and FF of X. αethiopicα led to 100% mortality. In a second step, proportions of active compounds present in the oil of both EF and FF of X. αethiopicα were quantified. The toxicity of the four main compounds was tested against S. zeαmαis: α-pinene, β-pinene, ∆-3-carene and terpinen-4-ol according to their proportion in the essential oil of the concerned plant part. β-pinene and terpinen-4-ol were responsible for 50% of the mortality at the proportion found in EF and FF essential oils respectively. When mixed, a synergic effect of the compounds was observed that restored the mortality percentage observed for the crude oil. It appears that X. αethiopicα essential oil could be a potential source of natural and low-cost insecticide to control storage pests.

Hyptis spicigera essential oil from seven localities in the North-Cameroon (Ngaoundere, Guirvidig, Kodeck, Lara, Toloum, Kaele, Tchecal-baila) was investigated by GC and GC/MS. Results showed differences within harvesting sites and between the different sites of collection but did not revealed clear tendencies in the evolution of essential oil composition as regard the sampling period. The main group of compounds in all the analyzed samples were: α-pinene (11.9%-42.1%), β-pinene + sabinene (6.0%-39.8%) and β-phellandrene + 1,8-cineole (8.8%-27.4%) except in one oil where β-caryophyllene (23.4%) was the principal component. The insecticidal activity of H. spicigera and its principal terpenic components was evaluated against the cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculatus F., the major cause of damages of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) in North Cameroon..

Nos últimos anos, os programas de fidelidade se tornaram bastante comuns, mas os fatores que determinam a motivação do consumidor em aderir e participar ativamente de tais programas ainda carecem de estudos. A maioria desses programas varia em termos de recompensa e custo de resgate. A recompensa pode ser vista como hedônica ou utilitária, já o custo de resgate pode requerer alto (vs. baixo) nível de esforço por parte do consumidor. Como essas duas configurações interagem para determinar a intenção do consumidor em aderir ao programa é o cerne deste estudo. Neste experimento, verificou-se que para recompensas hedônicas (vs. utilitárias), há maior intenção em participar do programa de fidelidade quando o custo para alcançar a recompensa é alto (vs. baixo). Entretanto, esse comportamento é moderado pelo investimento da empresa percebido pelo consumidor em termos de equidade da relação. A recompensa hedônica a um custo alto impactará a intenção de participação caso o investimento da empresa percebido pelo consumidor também seja alto. Caso contrário, o efeito se torna negativo.Palavras-chave: programas de fidelidade, recompensa, custo, investimento da empresa, equidade.

Animal feed is food constituted for breeding stock animals because it possesses vital nutrients for animal growth. Animal feed or their ingredients as constituted by cereal flour and are stored after formulation for ulterior breeds. These provender or cereal grains used are commonly attacked by storage insects principally of the genus Tribolium . Firstly, contact and ingestion test by two essential oils of aromatics plants Ocimum gratissimum L (Lamiaceae) and Xylopia aethiopica Dunal A. Rich (Annonaceae) were done firstly on adults and aged larvae of Tribolium castaneun . Secondly, the contact and inhalation test by three essential oils of the aromatic plants Annona senegalensis L. (Annonaceae), Lippia rugosa L. (Lamiaceae) and Hyptis spicigera Lam. (Verbenaceae) were done for the control larvae, young and aged adults of the red flour weevil Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae) very resistant pest to chemical pesticides. Essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum and Xylopia aethiopica have no contact and ingestion effect on adults of Tribolium castaneum ; their insecticidal activity is characterized mostly by their inhibition of the nymphosis of aged larvae of the same species. On the other hand contact and inhalation tests with crude essential oils of Lippia rugosa and Hyptis spicigera are the most promising because of their efficacy on the other life stages. They are more efficient, with 100% mortality, on larvae at early stages and young adults. On resistant aged larvae and adults, the insecticidal efficacy decreases but remains significant. Since this insect, Tribolium castaneum is the major pest of stored flours and provender, the incorporation of these promising essential oils in flours or in storage formulations of these foods for animals could contribute to their better cereal food conservation. The important and indispensable element of cereals for storage, growth and reproduction animal feed could be preserved from insects attack by use of natural product and may contribute to diminish toxicity of feeder, environmental pollution and the resistance phenomenon of insects.