The authors are grateful to Athanasios Vamvakidis for kindly sharing his dataset. They also thank Raphael Bergoeing, Sebastian Edwards, Alejandro Mico, Andrea Repetto, and seminar participants at IASE in Santiago de Chile, and the World Bank, for very useful discussions and comments. This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the IMF.The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the National Bureau of Economic Research.
Rodriguez and Rodrik (2000) argue that the relation between openness and growth is still an open question. One of the main problems in the assessment of the effect is the endogeneity of the relation. In order to address this issue, this paper applies the identification through heteroskedasticity methodology to estimate the effect of openness on growth while properly controlling for the effect of growth on openness. The results suggest that openness would have a positive effect on growth, although small. This result stands, despite the equally robust effect from growth to openness. D
As we enter an aging society due to increasing life expectancy, there are many social pathology problems such as generation conflict. This study is intended to find out the effects of sunlight on elderly women’s sleep related elements. Participants of this study are 40 elderly women (age 70.5±3.5years, height 155.8± 4.3cm, weight 67.8± 4.1kg) who haven’t engaged in planned exercise or nourishment control for one year. The participants were randomly divided into four groups of sunlight group, exercise group, sunlight and exercise combination group, and control group, and 10-week-long experiment was done. Regarding sleep quality related items and sleep related hormone changes according to the experiment, One-way ANOVA analysis and Duncan post-hoc were done, and the results are as follows. Regarding the bedtime among the quality of sleep, the combination group fall asleep the soonest followed by the exercise group, the sunlight group, and the control group. The combination group also woke up the earliest followed by the sunlight group, the exercise group, and the control group. Regarding the potential sleep time (time to take until falling asleep), the combination group had the shortest time followed by the sunlight group, the exercise group, and the control group.
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