BACKGROUND: Spatial disorientation (SD) remains a significant cause of accidents and near accidents. A variety of training methods have been used to assist pilots to anticipate the SD problem. The value of such training in the prevention of disorientation has been difficult to assess.METHODS: To study transfer of SD awareness training, we related reported incidents to the content and frequency of SD awareness training received. The questionnaire was completed by 368 out of 495 pilots; 189 currently flying fixed-wing, and 150 flying rotary-wing aircraft. On average, their age was 38, and they had 2466 flight hours on-type.RESULTS: Respondents gave high ratings for the importance of SD training and their awareness of SD, the latter being one of the training objectives. The amount of SD training received by respondents was positively correlated with ratings for appreciation and importance. Self-rated awareness was positively correlated with the number of reported SD experiences. Although the correlations were below 0.50, the results provide an indication that SD training is effective. In total, respondents reported 5773 SD experiences, 195 of them resulting in a serious risk for flight safety. Narratives of these serious events show that, in many cases, pilots managed their SD by carefully checking the flight instruments, and also by good crew coordination.DISCUSSION: The results of the survey provide some evidence, although based on subjective reports, for transfer of SD training. The results of the SD experiences can be used to improve the SD training in terms of content and frequency.Pennings HJM, Oprins EAPB, Wittenberg H, Houben MMJ, Groen EL. Spatial disorientation survey among military pilots. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(1):4–10.
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As the title suggests this small book (130 pages excluding appendices) discusses the early history of X-ray Astronomy. The description of the first ten years of X-ray astronomy has been organized in three sections, comprising ten chapters and a epilogue. The first section of three chapters analyses the scientific, technological and political environment in which X-ray astronomy emerged.The second section of three chapters discusses the social structure of the X-ray community, which due to the instrumental nature consisted mainly of physicists rather than astronomers. The third section, four chapters, examines the attempts made to resolve the questions concerning the physics of the X-ray sources and discusses the research programs of the major groups. Chapter 10 deals with UHURU, the first and extremely successful X-ray satellite.The book is clearly not intended to teach X-ray astronomy, however the colouring of the scene in which the early research was conducted is interesting. Missing in the paragraph describing the approval for and funding of the successful rocket flight that made the discovery of Sco X-1 and the diffuse background, are some of the well known anecdotes. , 174 pp., Price board s 10.95.The enormous amount of data obtained by interplanetary spacecraft missions can only be put in proper perspective by someone having at least a certain amount of background information. This book aims at giving its reader this kind of information with a minimum of abstract terminology and virtually no mathematics. It is succinctly written and well produced. All objects in the Solar System, including the Sun, are discussed. The emphasis is on facts and fairly well established opinions, rather than on wild speculations. I enjoyed reading the book, mainly because of its excellent style and fine balance between text and illustrations. Almost every section is an exciting narrative with great internal strength.The author is a well-known planetary scientist who prefers to keep the attention of the reader rather by restraint than by exaggeration. The photographs have been carefully selected and are in colour, wherever appropriate. Their quality is excellent.At present, the AAA represents the most important documentation of the literature in astronomy, astrophysics and adjacent sciences. Two volumes are published each year, to present abstracts as quickly as possible after the publication of the primary literature.The reviewed volume 34 records about 9 500 papers and represents a rich source of information on progress in our sciences, achieved during the second half of 1983. Ond~ejov ObservatoryJ. KLECZEK a summary in the book are included in full in the microfiche supplement also available from the publisher. The papers are grouped into the following categories: attitude dynamics, mission analysis, orbit determination, attitude determination and control, flexible spacecraft dynamics and control, celestial mechanics, orbit transfer and reentry, autonomous navigation, space telescope, trajectory optimization and analysis. The ...
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