This study describes the development of efficient single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for individual identification and parentage tests in a Japanese Black cattle population. An amplified fragment length polymorphism method was employed to detect informative candidate markers, and yielded 44 SNP markers from 220 primer combinations. 29 unlinked SNPs were finally selected as diagnostic markers. The allelic frequencies for each marker were estimated by using PCR-RFLP in the Japanese Black population. Based on the frequency data, the estimated identity power of these markers was 2.73 x 10(-12). Parentage exclusion probabilities, when both suspected parents' genotypes were known and when only one suspected parent was genotyped, were estimated as 0.96929 and 0.99693, respectively. This panel of SNP markers is theoretically sufficient for individual identification, and would also be a powerful tool for a parentage test in Japanese Black cattle. The markers could contribute to the management of the beef industry in Japan.
Nd-Co and Nd-FeCo amorphous films are known to have larger Kerr rotation θk at shorter wavelength and ultraviolet light compared with other RE-TM (rare earth-transition) amorphous films. This property is desirable for MO (magneto-optical) media for the next generation. In order to satisfy the perpendicular magnetization condition, we replaced a part of Nd by Gd to decrease the saturation magnetization Ms and applied the multilayer (ML) structure to enhance the perpendicular anisotropy Ku. Then we succeeded in getting a new ML medium of Nd0.34Gd0.66/Fe0.9Co0.1 with a bilayer period of 1 nm. However, the substitution of 66% Gd resulted in undesirable decreases of Kerr rotation and coercivity. In this experiment, a part of Nd is replaced by either Tb or Dy instead of Gd with an expectation that the amount of replacement to get the perpendicular magnetization configuration may be smaller since Tb and Dy have large one ion anisotropy compared with Gd. The magnetic and MO properties of Nd(Tb,Dy)/FeCo MLs will be reported. In the case of Tb, for example, a square Kerr hysteresis loop is obtained by the substitution of about 40%. However, θK at 400 nm is about 0.30°, which is larger than that of Tb-FeCo but smaller than NdGd/FeCo MLs.
Magneto-optic Kerr spectra in the photon energy range from 1 to 5 ev have been measured for NdGd/Fe, PrGd/Fe, TbGd/Fe and NdGd/FeCo multilayers, The multilayers exhibit Kerr rotation becoming larger with increasing photon energy. The spectra of the magneto-optical figure of merit have been also estimated for the multilayers considering the Kerr ellipticity as well as the Kerr rotation. The multilayers containing Nd and Pr exhibit higher figure of merit than conventional TbFeCo amorphous films.
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