Determining the native geographic range or origin of alien invasive species is crucial to developing invasive species management strategies. However, the necessary historical dimension is often lacking. The origin of the highly invasive horse‐chestnut leaf‐mining moth Cameraria ohridella has been controversial since the insect was first described in 1986 in Europe. Here, we reveal that herbarium collections across Europe indicate a Balkan origin for C ohridella. We successfully amplified nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA barcode fragments from larvae pressed within leaves of herbarium samples collected as early as 1879. These archival sequences confirm an identity of C ohridella and set back its history in Europe by more than a century. The herbarium samples uncovered previously unknown mitochondrial haplotypes and locally undocumented alleles, showing local outbreaks of C ohridella back to at least 1961 and dynamic frequency changes that may be associated with road development. This case history demonstrates that herbaria are greatly underutilized in studies of insect–plant interactions, herbivore biodiversity, and invasive species' origins.

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On their famous expedition to tropical America (1799-1804) Humboldt and Bonpland recorded plant descriptions, preliminary determinations, localities and habitat information in seven collecting books, which are kept today in the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. The entries were numbered in a single chronological sequence from 1 to 4528 and the numbers cited on the field labels. Together with the herbarium specimens and the field drawings this material later formed the basis for the botanical parts of the voluminous Voyage aux Régions Équinoxiales du Nouveau Continent. Bonpland, Willdenow and notably Kunth, while working on the specimens in Paris, added determinations to the collecting books, which permit a very precise analysis of the expedition and the later publication process.

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The herbarium of Ignaz Dörfler (1866-1950), an Austrian botanist, plant collector and trader, was acquired by the Botanical Museum Berlin (B) in 1990 and has now been incorporated into the general herbarium. Dörfler's herbarium comprises c. 5500 specimens, including 203 types, almost exclusively collected by himself on the Balkan Peninsula and in Central Europe. The type material is listed in detail and 21 names are lectotypified. In addition, a brief biography of Dörfler is presented.