The results revealed that sowing method greatly affected the number of fertile tillers, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index value whereas grain spikeG 1 and 1000-grain weight were non significant. Among the method pore method supersede broadcast method. Similarly seed rates also highly significantly affected the grain yield and yield components except 1000-grain weight. Seed rate of 175 kg haG 1 produced grain yield of 5325. 13 kg haG 1 and proved to be the most economical seed rate. Though the interaction of methods and seed rates on number of fertile tillers and biological yield were highly significant, all other parameters were non significantly affected.
A field experiment for determining dry matter and quality of annual and perennial grasses was conducted during 2005 and 2006 at Cattle Research Station, Manasbal on a silty clay loam soil that was low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and potassium, with neutral pH. The treatments consisted of one annual grass (Oat, Avena sativa L.) and four perennial grasses (orchardgrass, Dactylis glomerata L.; perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenneL.; tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea L.; and hybrid Phalaris, Phalaris stenoptera L.). Dry matter yields of oat at first cutting on 15 April 2005 (8.05 Mg/ha) and 15 April 2006 (8.10 Mg/ha) were similar to hybrid Phalaris (7.23 and 7.74 Mg/ha during 2005 and 2006, respectively) but were significantly greater than other grasses, while dry matter yields of hybrid Phalaris at second cutting during 2005 (5.21 Mg/ha) and 2006 (5.27 Mg/ha) were significantly greater than oat and other grasses. The plant height of hybrid Phalaris at first cutting during both years was significantly greater than oat and other grasses, while at second cutting on 25 May 2005 and 2006 both hybrid Phalaris and oat were similar but significantly taller than other grasses. Crude protein content of hybrid Phalaris at two cuttings during both the years was significantly greater than oat and other perennial grasses, while crude fiber of the perennial grasses was significantly more than oat except at second cutting on 25 May 2005. In conclusion, hybrid Phalaris gave significantly greater plant height, more dry matter, and higher crude protein content, while tall fescue gave significantly more crude fiber during both years.
Quetta valley the capital of Balochistan Province, has faced twice the rush of immigrants i.e; Afghan refugees after Saur Revolution and people from interior Balochistan due to drought in Balochishan from the last two decades. Additionally a number of industries at various areas has been established. This abrupt increase in the population and discharge from the industries have affected the drinking water quality in the valley. To assess these affects, nine ground water samples taken from densely populated and industrial areas were analyzed for their physicochemical (taste, order, color, temperature, conductivity, turbidity, alkalinity, pH, total hardness and total dissolved salts) and concentrations of cations (Na, K, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Cd and Pb) by Flame Photometer and Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. The results obtained were compared with both Pakistan National Standards (PNS) for drinking water Quality (2010) and World Health Organization (WHO), standards for drinking water. All the results were in the limits of the standards except cobalt (0.095-0.12 mg/L) and cadmium (0.0348-0.041 mg/L) which were found to be in high concentrations that are attributed to the anthropogenic activates.
The current study was designed to evaluate genotoxic and toxicopathological effect of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in fresh water fish also known as Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). For the in vitro production of AFB1, Aspergillus flavus spores were grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and then rice was used as a substrate. The quantity of AFB1 was found 50ppb/g of rice using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. A total of n=150 Grass carp (42±5 g) were divided into 5 groups (A, B, C, D, E). Group A (kept as a control), while groups B, C, D and E were exposed to 25 ppb, 50 ppb, 75 ppb and 100 ppb AFB1 per kg of diet, respectively, for 49 days. The average weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish was significantly higher in group A (WG-15.35 g and SGR-0.63%) compared to group E (WG-6.55 g and SGR-0.28%). The Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was significantly (P<0. 05) different between control group and groups D and E. No mortality was notice in any group of fish because of AFB1. However, increasing concentrations of AFB1 significantly lowered the red blood cells (RBC) count, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), white blood cells (WBC) count and lymphocytes as compared to the control group. Additionally, significant increase of aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), glucose, urea and creatinine was determined in AFB1 treated groups by serum biochemistry. Total serum proteins and albumin level was found significantly higher in control group (6.05 and 4.2 g/dL), compared to AFB1 exposed groups including; group B (5.8 and 3.9 g/dL), group C (5.4 and 3.7 g/dL), group D (4.2 and 2.7 g/dL) and group E (3.8 and 2.06 g/dL). The genotoxicity of AFB1 was only recorded in fish of group D and E exhibiting micronuclei frequency percentage of 0.85 and 2.15% respectively. The histopathological study revealed that higher concentrations of AFB1 were causing pathological changes in liver, kidney, intestine and gills tissue. The present study concluded that AFB1 was responsible for reduction in fish production performance, alteration in fish hematological and serum biochemical profiles, structural and functional alteration in tissues and DNA of tissues of fish.
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