In the present study, a total number of 1576 livers of ruminants, including cattle (924), sheep (487) and camels (165) were examined for detection of different pathogenic agents. Among those, a number of 58 cases (3.68 %) were infected with both parasites and bacteria. Out of this number, 3 cases only (0.19 %) were infected with bacterial species (Lactobacillus lactis lactis), 31 cases (1.97 %) were infected with parasitic stages only and a number of 24 cases (1.52 %) were co-infected with both bacteria and parasites. Among the bacterial isolates, 11 genera of bacterial species were found in 27 cases. The obtained results revealed that, all infected cases were cattle. The most prevalent isolate was Enterococcus species which present in 7 cases (25.92 %) among the totally bacterial infected cases, followed by 5 cases showed Staphylococci (18.52 %), then both genus Escherichia and genus Lactobacillus, each was found in 4 cases (14.81 %) and finally 7 genera including; Enterobacter, Micrococcus, Citrobacter, Aerococcus, Pseudomonas, Chrysomonas and Streptococcus; each was found in a single case with a percentage of 3.70 %. Concerning the parasitic affections, it has been found that Fasciola species was the most prevalent type of helminthes present in the infected livers. Among all infected livers, 40 cases (2.54 %) were infected with adult Fasciola gigantica (including 33 cattle and 7 sheep), followed by 8 cases of camels (0.51 %) infected with Hydatid cysts, then 4 cases of sheep (0.25 %) infected with Cysticercus tenuicollis and finally 3 cases of sheep (0.19 %) infected with both Fasciola gigantica and Cysticercus tenuicollis. The results revealed that, a considerable high number of co-infected animals {24 cases (41.38 %) among the totally infected animals} was existed and this reveals that the parasite facilitates the way to the secondary bacterial infection with the end results of hepatic tissue degeneration and necrosis. So, in abattoirs, great attention must be taken for appropriate evaluation of these pathogenic sources. 66BS. VET. MED. J. 5 TH SCI. CONF.

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The aims of this study were twofold: to assess the welfare of two hybrids of laying hens in conventional cages and to investigate the effects of tier's level on the integument condition and fearfulness. Two commercial hybrids, white Lohmann Selected Leghorn (LSL) and brown Lohmann Traditional (LT) at about 18 weeks of age were used in the current study and were housed at three hens / cage. No birds were beak-trimmed. External appearance of the body (scoring of plumage condition and skin injuries at body parts and comb), heterophil-lymphocyte (H-L) ratios and duration of tonic immobility (TI) were used as indicators of well-being. LSL birds showed better plumage condition and low H-L ratios than LT birds while no significant difference was recorded in TI test between the two hybrids. Hens housed in the top tier showed worse feather condition and more wounds than birds in middle and bottom tiers whereas for fear levels, no significant difference was revealed for hens from different tiers of cages. These results suggest that the welfare of LSL birds was relatively good compared to LT. Therefore, conventional cages can be used by the hens to a large extent if birds are properly selected to be specifically adapted to cages.

This work was carried out in four selected provinces in Beni-Suef Governorate, Egypt to investigate the possibility of existence of different types of enteric parasites infect 2-5 years old sheep and estimate the rate of improvement in some of its productive parameters post eradication of these parasites in relation to each parasitic infection. The study cleared that gasterointestinal bursated nematodes (Haemonchus spp., Trichostrongylus spp., Ostertagia spp., Nematodirus spp. and Cooperia spp.) and Fasciola are the most common parasites infecting sheep (57.44% & 48.44% respectively), this was followed by Paramphistopmum infection (38.88%), Moniezia spp. (33.11%), different types of Eimeria spp. (29%) and finally Trichuris spp (7%). Fecal culture of positive samples demonstrate presence of five types of nematode larvae include Haemonchus spp. larvae (33.75%), Oestertagia spp. (31.5%), Trichostrongylus (11.75%), Cooperia spp. (14.5%) and Nematodirus spp. (8.5%). Using of ivermectin for treatement of GIN, Nitroxynil for treatment of Fasciola, and oxyclozanide for treatment of Paramphistomum species infection, induce marked decrease in the mean number of different eggs per gram (e.p.g.) of faeces associated with improvement in mean body weight gain (5.71 Kg) and rate of lambing (26.77) after 6 months post treatment. High rate of improvement post treatment was recorded in animals originally free from Fasciolia infection, also and that harboring low e.p.g. than animals of high e.p.g. Finally it was evident that high rate of improvement was cleared in animals less than 4 years old in comparison by that over 4 years old.

A total of 100 fecal samples from goats were coprologically examined to investigate the main cause of diarrhea. Animals were divided according to the age into 3 groups (7-35 days, 35 days -6month and over one year). The results revealed that Eimeria species was the most predominant parasite (70%), the parasitic gastroenteritis (28%) and Cryptosporidium species (21%). Ten species of Eimeria were identified from the infected animals, E. hirci, E. arloingi, E. intericata, E. ahsata , E. christenseni, E. marisca, E. crandalis, E. weybridegenesis, E. faurei and E. ovina. Three species of parasitic gastroenteritis (Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia species and Trichostrongylus species). Cryptosporidium oocysts were found common in young goats.